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  • Notes On History – Medieval India: Tribes, Nomads, and Settled Communities – For WBCS Exam.
    Posted on July 19th, 2018 in Paper III : General Studies I
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    Notes On History-Medieval India: Tribes, Nomads, and Settled Communities-For WBCS Exam.

    ইতিহাস সম্পর্কিত নোট – মধ্যযুগীয় ভারত: উপজাতি, যাযাবর এবং নিষ্পত্তি সম্প্রদায় – WBCS পরীক্ষার জন্য।

    nomad (Middle French: nomade “people without fixed habitation”)is a member of a community of people without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from the same areas, including nomadic hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), and tinker or trader nomads.As of 1995, there were an estimated 30–40 million nomads in the world.Continue Reading Notes On History-Medieval India: Tribes, Nomads, and Settled Communities-For WBCS Exam.

    • Some powerful tribes controlled large territories. In Punjab, the Khokhar tribe was very influential during the 13th and 14th centuries.
    •  Kamal Khan Gakkhar, of Gakkhar tribe, was a noble (mansabdar) by Emperor Akbar.
    • In Multan and Sind, the Langahs and Arghuns dominated extensive regions before they were subdued by the Mughals.
    • In the western Himalaya lived the shepherd tribe of Gaddis.
    • The distant north-eastern part of the subcontinent too was entirely dominated by tribes – the Nagas, Ahoms etc.
    • In many areas of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand, Chero, chiefdoms had emerged by the 12th century. Raja Man Singh, Akbar’s general, attacked and defeated them in 1591.
    • The Maharashtra highlands and Karnataka were home to Kolis[also in Gujarat], Berads etc.
    • South got Koragas, Vetars, Maravars etc.
    • Bhils spread across western and central India. By the late 16th century, many of them had become settled agriculturists and some even zamindars.
    • The Gonds were found in great numbers across the present-day states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

    Gond Tribe

    • They lived in a vast forested region called Gondwana.
    • They practiced shifting cultivation.
    • The Akbar Nama, a history of Akbar’s reign, mentions the Gond kingdom of Garha Katanga that had 70,000 villages.
    • The administrative system of these kingdoms was becoming centralized.
    • The emergence of large states changed the nature of Gond society.
    • Certain Gond chiefs now wished to be recognized as Rajputs.

    Ahom Tribe

    • They migrated to the Brahmaputra valley from present-day Myanmar in the 13th century.
    • They created a new state by suppressing the older political system of the bhuiyans (landlords).
    • During the 16th century, they annexed the kingdoms of the Chhutiyas (1523) and of Koch-Hajo (1581) and subjugated many other tribes.
    • They know to use firearms as early as the 1530s.
    • In 1662, the Mughals under Mir Jumla attacked the Ahom kingdom and defeated them.
    • The Ahom state depended upon forced labour. Those forced to work for the state were called paiks.
    • By the 17th century, the administration became quite centralized.
    • In their worship concepts influence of Brahmanas increased by the 17th century.
    • Literature and culture flourished in their time. Works known as buranjis, were written – first in the Ahom language and then in Assamese.

    Trader Nomads: Banjaras

    • The Banjaras were the most important trader-nomads. Their caravan was called tanda.
    • Alauddin Khalji used the Banjaras to transport grain to the city markets.
    • Emperor Jahangir wrote in his memoirs about Banjaras.

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