W.B.C.S Current Affairs 08 September 2018 to 14 September 2018

The Importance of Current Affairs in W.B.C.S examinations is immense.Success inW.B.C.S  Prelims and W.B.C.S Mains Exam is mainly subjected to how well an aspirant is aware of the important current affairs. Preparation of current affairs for W.B.C.S is the key to unlock the exam.1) Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL) is gearing up to undertake sea trials of India’s first ocean surveillance ship by end of September 2018 or first week of October 2018. This ship is now simply referred as VC 11184 and will be formally named after its induction into the Indian Navy. VC 11184: VC 11184 is built by Hindustan Shipyard Ltd (HSL). It is the first of its kind ocean surveillance ship being built as part of efforts of Government to strengthen country’s strategic weapons programme. HSL will be handing over the vessel to Indian Navy by end of 2018. This ship is being built for National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO), the technical intelligence agency working directly under supervision of Prime Minister’s Office and National Security Adviser. The ship was built inside covered dry dock. Its keel was laid in June 2014. VC 11184 has displacement of more than 10,000 tonnes, length of 175m, beam of 22m, depth of 6m and can attain maximum speed of 21 knots. It is powered by two imported 9000kW combined diesel and diesel (CODAD) configuration engines and three 1200 ekW auxiliary generators. This ship has capacity to carry 300-strong crew with hi-tech gadgets and communication equipment and large deck capable of helicopter landing. This ship already has successfully completed the basin trials some time ago. The ship will be primarily tasked with missile tracking using two sensors, possibly an X-Band AESA primary radar and S-Band AESA secondary radar, ranging. It will also undertake electronic intelligence (ELINT) gathering. Significance: It will be India’s most advanced electronics and tracking and surveillance ship i.e. a missile range instrumentation ship. It will be the first ship to be dedicated element in Phase-2 of India’s ballistic missile defence (BMD) setup and also be deployed for duties to support India’s strategic weapons programme. After induction of this ship, India will join elite of club of few countries that have such sophisticated ocean surveillance ship. Only four other countries — US, Russia, China and France are operating similar vessels.Continue Reading W.B.C.S Current Affairs 08 September 2018 to 14 September 2018.

2) India’s first 205T Electric Drive Rear Dump Truck (Model BH205-E), designed and developed by Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML) was flagged off recently. The dump truck has been developed for use in the project of Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh. It will also help to address the growing demand for higher capacity equipments in mining industry. BH205E: BH205E is electric drive rear dump truck for large scale mining operations. It has been indigenously designed and developed by Mysuru plant of BEML to reinforce ‘Make in India’ initiative and address growing demand for higher capacity equipments in the mining industry. It is powered by Tier II emission compliant Modular Common Rail Electronic Engine with 2300 HP capacity. It has AC drive system to provide exceptional haul road performance with reduced maintenance. The dump truck weighs 335 tonnes when fully loaded. It is easily manoeuvrable with power-steering and short turning radius. It has ergonomically designed dash board and tiltable telescopic steering wheel. Its other important features also include good visibility in addition to safety with provisions for emergency steering, breaking and proximity warning. Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML): BEML is public sector undertaking under Ministry of Defence. It manufactures a variety of heavy equipment, such as that used for earth moving, transport and mining. It was incorporated in May 1964. It is headquartered in Bengaluru. BEML is Asia’s second-largest manufacturer of earth moving equipment, and it controls 70% of India’s market in that sector.

3) Union Cabinet has approved MoU signed between Export-Import Bank of India (Exim Bank) and member banks under BRICS Interbank Cooperation Mechanism on Collaborative Research on Distributed Ledger and Block chain Technology in context of development of digital economy. Key Facts: Blockchain technology or Distributed Ledger holds potential for solutions to various challenges being faced in financial sector space of BRICS nations. The MoU was signed between Exim Bank, Banco Nacional de DesenvolvimentoEconomico e Social (BNDES, of Brazil), China Development Bank (CDB), State Corporation Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs (Vnesheconombank of Russia) and Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA). It intends to enhance understanding in this field, through joint research efforts to identify areas within respective business operations where it may have potential for applications aimed at enhancing operational efficiencies. Background: The Xiamen Declaration signed in September 2017 at 9th BRICS summit in Xiamen, China by BRICS leaders had highlighted importance of digital economy and ways BRICS nations can leverage its potential for fostering global economic development and benefit everyone. Accordingly, Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Collaborative Research on Distributed Ledger and Block chain Technology in the Context of Development of Digital Economy was suggested to be signed by all member banks.

4) Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has prohibited manufacture, sale, distribution of 328 Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) for human use with immediate effect. It has also restricted manufacture, sale or distribution of six FDCs subject to certain conditions. This ban was imposed by Health Ministry by exercising powers conferred to it section 26A of Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. Fixed dose combinations (FDC) Drugs: FDC drugs are drugs having two or more active ingredients in a single dosage. They are widely used to improve patient compliance as it is easier for them to take one drug than several. They are acceptable only when the drugs so combined have a therapeutic advantage. Background: India is one of the world’s largest markets for FDC drugs that make up almost half the market share. The Union Health Ministry had imposed the ban on 344 FDC drugs under Section 26A of Drugs and Cosmetics Act in March 2016 for being unsafe and not having a therapeutic justification. The ban was imposed based on the recommendations of Kokate committee. It was imposed over fears that these drugs cause anti-microbial resistance and might even cause organ-failure because of high toxicity. It was also aimed at curbing the misuse of medicines. However, pharmaceutical companies contend that no prior enquiry was made from them or show cause notice issued prior to ban notification by the Central Government. They also held that these drugs in the same combination are being marketed in other countries. The Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) in compliance with directions given by Supreme Court of India in its judgment (December, 2017) had examined this issue of banning FDCs. DTAB had recommended that there is no therapeutic justification for ingredients contained in 328 FDCs and that these FDCs may involve risk to human beings. It also had recommended that it is necessary to prohibit manufacture, sale or distribution of these FDCs in the larger public interest. With regard to six FDCs, it had recommended restriction for their manufacture, sale and distribution subject to certain conditions based on their therapeutic justification. Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB): DTAB is highest statutory decision-making body on technical matters related to drugs in the country . It is constituted as per the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. It is part of Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

5) According to data released by Central Statistics Office (CSO), factory output measured in terms of the Index of Industrial Production grew at 6.6% in July 2018. This growth was on the back of good performance by manufacturing sector and higher offtake of capital goods and consumer durables. Besides, IIP growth for June 2018 was also revised downwards to 6.8% from the provisional estimate of 7% released in August 2018. The IIP growth in April-July 2018 period was 5.4% compared to 1.7% year ago. July 2018 IIP: Manufacturing sector (Weightage: 77.6): It recorded 7% growth. Electricity sector (Weightage: 7.9%): It recorded 6.7% growth. Mining (Weightage: 14.3%): It recorded 3.7% growth. Consumer durables sector: It recorded impressive growth of 14.4% as against dip of 2.4% in July 2017. Capital goods production: It grew by 3% as against decline of 1.1% in July 2017. Index of Industrial Production (IIP): IIP is composite indicator that measures short-term changes in volume of production of basket of industrial products during given period with respect to chosen base period. It is compiled and published monthly by Central Statistical Organization (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). Base year: The CSO had revised the base year of the IIP from 2004-05 to 2011-12 in May 2017 to capture structural changes in economy and improves quality and representativeness of indices. The revised IIP (2011-12) reflects changes in industrial sector and also aligns it with base year of other macroeconomic indicators like Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Sector wise items and weightages: IIP covers 407 item groups. Sector wise, the items included falls into 3 categories viz. Manufacturing (405 items), Mining (1 items) & Electricity (1 item). The weights of the three sectors are 77.63%, 14.37%, 7.9% respectively. The combined weightage of eight core Industries in IIP is 40.27%.

6) Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved proposal for introduction of Bill in Parliament for amendment of National Institutes of Design (NID) Act, 2014 for establishing four new NIDs across the country. These four new NIDs are: National Institute of Design, Amaravati/Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. National Institute of Design, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. National Institute of Design, Jorhat, Assam. National Institute of Design, Kurukshetra, Haryana. Key Features of Bill: The amendment will bring these four new NIDs within ambit NID Act, 2014 and to declare them as Institutions of National Importance (INIs) at par with NID, Ahmedabad. The proposed Bill also brings makes some minor amendments to this Act such as to include consequential amendments considered necessary to re-name NID Vijayawada as NID Amaravati and nomenclature of Principal Designer as equivalent to Professor. Significance: Establishment of new NIDs as Institutions of National Importance in different geographical regions of country will help produce highly skilled manpower in design sector which in turn, will create job opportunities, both direct and indirect. It will also provide sustainable design interventions for crafts, handloom, rural technology, small, medium and large scale enterprises; and outreach programmes for capacity, capability and institution building.

7) Senior BJP leader L K Advani was renominated as Chairman of Ethics Committee of Lok Sabha. He was renominated by Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra Mahajan. L K Advani represents Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency from Gujarat. Ethics Committee of Lok Sabha: It formulates Code of Conduct for members and suggest amendments to it from time to time. It also oversee moral and ethical conduct of Members. It examines complaints related to any unethical conduct by members of Lower House of Parliament. It can also initiate suo motu investigation into matters related to unethical conduct of a member and make recommendations, as it may deem fit. Other appointments: Former Uttarakhand CM Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank (BJP) was renamedchairman of Lok Sabha Committee on Government Assurances. Chandrakant Khaire (Shiv Sena) was reappointed as chairman of Committee on Papers Laid on Table. Dilipkumar Mansukhlal Gandhi (BJP) has been given another term as Chairman of Committee on Subordinate Legislation. P Karunakaran (CPI-M) will continue serving as the chairman of the Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House.

8) Tamil Nadu Government has issued order banning manufacture, sale and possession of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) or e-Cigarettes with immediate effect in the state. The ban covers distribution, trade, display, marketing, advertisement, use, import and possession of e-cigarettes as well. So far, Punjab, Karnataka, Kerala, Mizoram, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar already have prohibited manufacture, import, sale and distribution of ENDs or e-cigarettes. The Tamil Nadu government has already banned chewable tobacco products. ENDS: ENDS are devices that heat solution to create aerosol, which also frequently contains flavours, usually dissolved into propylene glycolor and glycerin. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are most common prototype of ENDS. These devices do not burn or use toacco leaves but instead vaporise solution, which user then inhales (This process is called as vaping). The main constituents of vaporise solution are nicotine, propylene glycol (with or without glycerol and flavouring agents). Health risk associated with ENDS: Children, adolescents, pregnant women and women of reproductive age are at greater health risk due to use of ENDS including e-cigarettes. ENDS solutions and emissions contain harmful chemicals and toxicants. They contain nicotine, addictive component of tobacco products. In addition they also contain harmful metals, including lead, chromium and nickel and chemicals like formaldehyde with concentrations equal to or greater than traditional cigarettes. Use of ENDS may affect development of foetus during pregnancy. It may contribute to cardiovascular disease to people who use ENDS. Moreover, nicotine may function as ‘tumour promoter’ and seems to be involved in biology of malignant diseases. Foetal and adolescent nicotine exposure have long-term consequences for brain development, potentially leading to learning and anxiety disorders.

9) Union Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has mandatory for unlisted public companies to issue new shares or transfer of all shares in dematerialised or demat (i.e. in electronic form) form beginning October 2, 2018. With this, major benefits of dematerialisation of securities will now be available to unlisted Public companies. Key Facts: The Companies Act 2013, provides for government to mandate that as in case of listed public companies other classes of public companies should also issue securities only in dematerialised form. MCA’s latest step is seen as measure for further enhancing transparency, investor protection and governance in the corporate sector. It also comes at a time when the ministry is clamping down on shell companies that are suspected of being conduits for illicit fund flows. Major benefits of dematerialisation of securities : It will help in elimination of risks associated with physical certificates such as loss, theft, mutilation, fraud etc. It will help in improving corporate governance system by increasing transparency and preventing mal-practices such as benami shareholding, back dated issuance of shares, etc. It will also ease in transfer, pledge etc. of securities and provide exemption from payment of stamp duty on transfer. Unlisted Companies: According to Companies Act 2013, a public company is formed by seven persons or more, while for private company this number is two or more. If shares of such companies are not traded on stock exchange, they are called unlisted companies.

10) Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has issued notification for bringing Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 in force from 10th September, 2018. The Act safeguards rights of people living with HIV and affected by HIV. It also addresses HIV-related discrimination, strengthen existing programme by bringing in legal accountability and establish formal mechanisms for inquiring into complaints and redressing grievances. Key Provisions of the Act: The Act seeks to prevent and control spread of HIV and AIDS, prohibits discrimination against persons with HIV and AIDS. It lists various grounds on which discrimination against HIV positive persons and those living with them is prohibited. These discrimination grounds include denial, termination, discontinuation or unfair treatment with regard to (i) employment (ii) educational establishments (iii) health care services, (iv) standing for public or private office, (v) residing or renting property and (vi) provision of insurance. It also prohibits requirement for HIV testing as pre-requisite for obtaining employment or accessing health care or education. It mentions that every HIV infected or affected person below age of 18 years has right to reside in shared household and enjoy facilities of household. It also prohibits any individual from publishing information or advocating feelings of hatred against HIV positive persons and those living with them. It gives right to every person in care and custody of the state to HIV prevention, testing, treatment and counseling services. It mentions that person between 12 to 18 years of age having sufficient maturity in understanding and managing affairs of his HIV or AIDS affected family will be competent to act as guardian of another sibling below 18 years of age. This will be applicable in matters relating to admission to educational establishments, operating bank accounts, managing property, care and treatment, amongst others.

11) Union Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and Telecommunications Consultants India Ltd (TCIL) have signed agreement for implementation of e-VidyaBharati and e-AarogyaBharati (e-VBAB) Network Project in Africa. The project is seen as digital bridge of knowledge and health between India and Africa. It is also considered as important milestone in India’s development partnership with Africa. E-VBAB Network Project: It is technological upgrade and extension of Pan-African e-Network Project (Phase 1) which was implemented in 48 partner countries across Africa from 2009 till 2017. The phase 1 of project had successfully imparted tele-education and tele-medicine by linking educational institutions and hospitals in India with those from participating countries from Africa. e-VBAB Network Project is completely funded by Government of India for its entire duration. It is open for participation to all India’s partner countries in Africa. Over its five-year duration, this project will provide free tele-education courses to 4000 students every year from African countries. It will also be utilized for providing free continuing medical education (1000 every year) doctors, nurses, para-medical staff from Africa. Further, Indian doctors, through this project will also provide free medical consultancy to those African doctors who seek such consultancy.Continue Reading W.B.C.S Current Affairs 08 September 2018 to 14 September 2018.

12) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay has recommissioned India’s oldest nuclear research reactor named ‘Apsara’, which was shut down permanently in 2009 for repair. The refurbished version of this reactor has been named as ‘Apsara-upgraded’ (Apsara-U) and also has double capacity compared to its earlier version. It is located within India’s nuclear weapons facility at BARC’s Trombay campus (Maharashtra). Apsara: Apsara was the first nuclear research reactor in Asia. It had become operational in BARC’s Trombay campus in August 1956. It was first nuclear research reactor indigenously developed in India. The design was conceptualised in 1955 by Dr Homi Bhabha, the father of Indian Nuclear programme. Its name Apsara was coined by then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Apsara was a light water moderated (swimming pool-type) reactor with maximum power output of 1 megawatt thermal (MWt). It burned enriched uranium in form of aluminum alloyed curved plates. It was utilised for various experiments including neutron activation analysis, radiation damage studies, forensic research, neutron radiography, and shielding experiments. It was shut down in 2009, after more than five decades of service. Apsara-upgraded: The upgraded version, like its ancestor, is indigenously made. It uses plate type dispersion fuel elements made of Low Enriched Uranium (LEU). It will help to increase indigenous production of radio-isotopes for medical application by about 50% mainly due to higher neutron flux. It will also be extensively used for research in nuclear physics, material science and radiation shielding. The radioisotopes produced by it will be also used in the field food preservation, agriculture, and other industries apart from medicine for diagnosis and therapy. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC): BARC is India’s premier nuclear research facility based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is multi-disciplinary research center with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development. Its R&D covers entire spectrum of nuclear science, engineering and related areas. BARC’s core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation.

13) NITI Aayog, Intel, and Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) are collaborating to set up Model International Center for Transformative Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) in Bengaluru, capital of Karnataka. This collaboration is part of NITI Aayog’s ‘National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence’ Discussion Paper that focuses on establishing ICTAI in the country through private sector collaboration. The model centre is aimed at solving major challenges in India with special focus on application-based AI research in healthcare, agriculture and smart mobility. Model ICTAI: Objectives – It will aid in Developing and deploying AI-led application-based research projects. It will conduct advanced research to incubate AI-led solutions in three important areas – healthcare, agriculture and smart mobility – by bringing together expertise of TIFR and Intel. It will experiment, discover and establish best practices in domains of ICTAI governance, fundamental research, physical infrastructure, compute and service infrastructure needs, and talent acquisition. Key Features: Through this collaborative effort, model ICTAI will develop AI foundational frameworks, tools and assets, including curated datasets and unique AI algorithms. It will also develop standards and support policy development related to IT such as data-storage, information security, privacy, and ethics for data capture and use. It will also develop AI foundational technologies to promote applied research that can scale for national impact and will lead to the creation of a vibrant and self-sustaining ecosystem. ICTAI will also collaborate with industry leaders, startups, and AI services and product companies to productize technologies and IP that are developed by it. It will also support skilling and talent development for world-class AI talent. The learning and best practices developed through this model ICTAI will be used by NITI Aayog to set up future ICTAIs across country.

14) Justice Mukul Mudgal was named Chairman of 11-member selection committee to pick this year’s Dronacharya and Dhyanchand awardees given as part of National Sports Awards ceremony. These awards will be presented at National Sports Awards ceremony scheduled to be held on September 25, 201. Dhyanchand award is bestowed on sportspersons for their lifetime achievements and contribution to sport during both their active career and after retirement. Dronacharya award is presented to coaches for their outstanding and meritorious work on consistent basis over period of four years. Other members of selection committee are: former Commonwealth Games gold medalist Samresh Jung, Indian badminton ace Ashwini Ponnappa, former national boxing coach G S Sandhu, hockey coach AK Bansal and archery coach Sanjeeva Singh apart from Sports Authority of India’s (SAI) Special Director General Onkar Kedia, Joint Secretary (Sports) Inder Dhamija, two sports journalists and Target Olympic Podium Scheme CEO Commander Rajesh Rajagopalan. Background: National Sports Awards ceremony is held every year on August 29 to commemorate the birth anniversary of hockey legend Major Dhyan Chand. But this year it will be organised on September 25, 2018. The change of schedule was done because of clash of dates with 2018 Asian Games, which concluded on September 2, 2018 in Jakarta, Indonesia. Justice Mukul Mudgal: Justice Mudgal is retired Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court. Previously he was appointed by Supreme Court to probe into 2013 IPL spot-fixing scandal, involving three players from Rajasthan Royals. Currently, he is deputy chairman of FIFA Governance Committee and Review Committee. Mukul Mudgal, is also popular name among cricketing circles, as he is regarded as pioneer behind reviving Test cricket in India. He also had devised new procedures on how to get crowds into cricket stadiums.

15) Election Commission of India (EC) had removed NOTA (None of the Above) option from ballot papers of Rajya Sabha, Legislative Council elections following directive of Supreme Court. The NOTA option, henceforth will be only available in direct elections such as Lok Sabha and state assembly elections. Background: In August 2018, Supreme Court had said that NOTA will not be applicable as ballot option in Rajya Sabha polls. It will only continue to be option in direct elections such as Lok Sabha and state assemblies. It had quashed June 2014 notification of EC that allowed use of NOTA option in Rajya Sabha elections. It held that NOTA will destroy concept of value of vote and representation, and encourage defection that shall open doors for corruption which is malignant disorder. It also had held that NOTA was meant to be exercised by individual voters in direct polls. NOTA: NOTA is ballot option designed to allow voter to indicate disapproval of all of the candidates in a voting system. It was introduced in 2013 after Supreme Court of India directed Election Commission to provide NOTA button in the electronic voting machines. NOTA option was first used in 2013 assembly elections held in four States — Chhattisgarh, Mizoram, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. 2014 Lok Sabha election was first general election to see its nationwide use of NOTA, where it polled 1.1% of the votes. NOTA is not right to reject i.e. candidate with maximum votes wins the election irrespective of the number of NOTA votes polled. Election Commission also has clarified that even though votes cast as NOTA are counted, they are considered as invalid votes so they will not change outcome of election process.

16) Union Ministry of Railways has launched Rail Sahyog web portal (www.railsahyog.in). It will provide platform for Corporates and PSUs to fund creation of amenities at railway stations through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds. Rail Sahyog portal: This portal will allow companies to register their requests for contributing to create amenities at railway stations through their CSR funds. These requests will be processed by Railway officials and based on tprinciple of first come first serve, requests will be shortlisted. Selected applicants will be intimated to deposit the funds with Railways or its nominated agencies like RITES or RAILTEL etc. The nominated agency will get the work executed thereafter. The portal with provide simplicity and transparency for companies to fund creation of amenities at Railway stations through CSR funds. It will provide opportunity for industry, companies, associations to collaborate with Indian Railways. Fund utilized for creation of amenities will be beneficial for passengers and for neighbourhood of railway vicinity.

17) Prime Minister Narendra Modi has announced landmark increase in remuneration for ASHA and Anganwadi workers. The announcement will be effective from October 2018. It was made during video bridge interaction with lakhs of ASHA, Anganwadi and ANM (Auxiliary Nurse Midwife). It was organised as part Poshan Maah being observed in September every year. Increase in remuneration: ASHA workers: The routine incentive given by Union Government to ASHA workers has been doubled. In addition, all ASHA workers and their helpers will be provided free insurance cover under Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana and Prime Minister Suraksha Bima Yojana. Anganwadi workers: Those receiving Rs. 3000 so far, will now receive Rs. 4500. Similarly those receiving Rs. 2200, will now get Rs. 3500. The honorarium for Anganwadi helpers also has been increased from Rs. 1500 to Rs. 2250. In addition, Anganwadi workers and helpers using techniques such as Common Application Software (ICDS-CAS), will get additional incentives ranging from Rs. 250 to Rs. 500 based on performance.

18) India was the focus country of 87th Izmir International Trade Show held in Izmir, third most populous city in Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara from 7th to 11th September, 2018. Trade Promotion Council of India (TPCI) had led 75-member Indian delegation for this trade show. Source India pavilion: In this tradeshow, India also had displayed mega business standalone pavilion ‘Source India’. This pavilion had hosted 75 Indian companies with aim of tie-ups in order to increase India’s exports to Turkey and other neighbouring countries. It had showcased multi-product pavilion, including companies displaying products like ceramics, cereals and mechanical appliances. This pavillion was part of series of Source India pavilions that TPCI is hosting in important tradeshows across the world for boosting India’s exports. TPCI: It is trade and investment promotion organization of Department of Commerce, Union Ministry of Commerce & Industry. It works to open new areas for co-operation in trade and investment between India and rest of the world.

19) The first field training military exercise MILEX-18, as part of the Bay of Bengal initiative for multi-sectoral technical and economic cooperation (BIMSTEC) commenced at Foreign Training Node at Aundh in Pune, Maharashtra. All member BIMSTEC countries, except Thailand and Nepal will take active part in this exercise. Thailand and Nepal will only be sending group of observers. MILEX-18: The theme of the exercise is counter-terrorism in semi-urban terrain. Its main aim is to promote strategic alignment among member-states and to share best practices in the area of counter-terrorism. The exercise will include training in operations like search-and-cordon operations, search and destroy and handling and neutralisation of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) among other things. Each participating member country will be represented by platoon sized contingents including around 30 soldiers (including five officers, 25 Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) and personnel of other ranks). As part of this exercise, conclave of Army chiefs of all seven member-states is also being planned. In it, army chiefs will debate challenge of terrorism and transnational crime, which is major concern among all states and discuss ways to promote collective cooperation. Comment: Through this exercise India is trying to achieve in cooperative defense diplomacy. It is also looking forward to initiate process of sharing counter-terrorism strategies among armies of member nations in the region. India also wants to start a dialogue, sharing of procedures, thoughts, processes and certainly strategies to deal with terrorism collectively in region. Note: BIMSTEC countries had held disaster management exercise in 2017 in New Delhi, but this will be first military exercise of the grouping. BIMSTEC: It is regional group of seven countries in South Asia and South East Asia lying in littoral and adjacent areas of Bay of Bengal constituting contiguous regional unity. It was established on 6 June 1997 through Bangkok Declaration. It is headquartered in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Its member countries are India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka from South Asia and Myanmar, Thailand from South East Asia. They are collectively home to around 1.5 billion people which constitute around 22% of global population. BIMSTEC’s main objective is to promote technological and economic cooperation among south Asian and south-east Asian countries along coast of the Bay of Bengal. The grouping is sector-driven cooperative organization, started in 2006 with six sector including trade, technology, energy, transport, tourism and fisheries. In 2008, it was expanded to embrace eight more sectors including agriculture, public health, poverty alleviation, counter-terrorism, environment, culture, people to people contact and climate change.

20) India, Bangladesh jointly inaugurated three projects related to power supply rehabilitation of existing railway section. These projects were jointly inaugurated Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina through video conference. These three projects are: Rehabilitation of Kulaura-Shahbazpur section of Bangladesh Railways: Under this project, bridge and bridge building was constructed, station with platform and shed along with reformation of level crossing and railway line were also built. Mainline of 44.77 km and loop line of 7.77 km was also renovated. 500 MW additional power supply from India to Bangladesh: It will be transferred through existing Bheramara (Bangladesh)-Baharampur (India) interconnection. With completion of this project, India will be supplying around 1.16 Gigawatts of power to Bangladesh. This project announced during his PM Modi’s visit to Bangladesh in 2015. Akhaura–Agartala Rail Link: The railway project was conceptualized in 2010. Later, both the countries had signed MoU on this railway project in 2013. It is expected that railway line will become operational in 2019. The railway project consists of constructing 15.054 km long railway line. It will provide another link in the cross-border connectivity between two countries by connecting Akhaura in Bangladesh with capital city of Tripura, Agartala through Nischintapur in Indo-Bangla border. It will help to develop socio-economic as well as cultural bond between two neighbouring countries.

21) India, Mongolia joint exercise Nomadic Elephant 2018 commenced at Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) Five Hills Training Area in Ulaanbaatar (capital of Mongolia). Nomadic Elephant is annual bilateral military exercise started in 2006. It is designed to strengthen partnership between Indian Army and Mongolian Armed Forces. Nomadic Elephant 2018: This year it is thirteenth edition of exercise aimed at developing mutual understanding and respect between armies of both countries and facilitate in tackling the world wide phenomenon of terrorism. The 12 days long joint exercise will be conducted from 10 to 21 September 2018. This exercise will seek to improve tactical and technical skills in joint counter insurgency and counter terrorist operations in rural and urban scenario between both countries under United Nations mandate. Indian contingent is represented by contingent of 17 PUNJAB Regiment while Mongolian contingent is represented by Unit 084 of Mongolian Armed Forces. During the exercise, armies of both countries will jointly train, plan and execute series of well-developed tactical drills for neutralisation of likely threats that may be encountered in urban warfare scenario. Moreover, experts from both sides will also conduct detailed discussions to share their experience on varied topics for mutual benefits.

22) Indian Air Force (IAF) successfully carried out first ever mid-air refuelling of indigenously developed Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas MK-1 over Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. With this, India joins in elite group of countries which have successfully developed air-to-air refuelling system for military aircraft. LCA Tejas mid-air refueling: It was first wet mid-air refuelling of LCA Tejas (LSP8) carried out by transferring 1,900 kg of fuel from IAF’s Russian-origin Ilyushin-78 (IL-78) tanker at altitude of 20,000 feet. This operation had refueled all internal tanks and drop tanks of LCA Tejas. Before this wet contact trial, IAF had successfully conducted ‘dry-air refuelling contact trials’ where drogue (basket) extended from tanker aircraft IL-78 by fuel hose, which was only tracked and plugged into using LCA’s Tejas’ refuelling probe without transfering fuel. Significance: With this first trial of air-to-air refueling, LCA gets much closer to important battle-ready tag, called final operational clearance (FOC). Besides, air-to-air refuelling capability for LCA will be force multiplier for IAF as it enhances potential of aircraft to stay airborne for much longer periods of time, thus increasing its range and endurance. It will also enable IAF options to exploit operational potential of LCA as well as to participate in international exercises without having to stop or stage through several locations enroute. Background: IAF currently operates nine LC Tejas fighters built to Initial Operating Clearance (IOC) standard built indigenously by Hindustan Aeronautical Limited. These jets are being flown by No. 45 Squadron named Flying Daggers (It is first LCA Tejas Squadron) based at Sulur Air Force Station in Tamil Nadu. IAF has placed ordered of 123 LCA Tejas variants at cost of Rs 70, 000 crores to Hindustan Aeronautical Limited (HAL). Among the 123 planes on order, 20 each are in IOC and more advanced final operational clearance (FOC) configurations, while remaining 83 are in Mk-1A configuration that comes with additional improvements.

23) Aam Aadmi Party-led Delhi Government has launched scheme for doorstep delivery of 40 essential government services like caste and marriage certificates, driving license and new water connections. It is fist home delivery scheme of various essential government services in the country. It will help to deal with corruption in delivery of essential government services and promote transparent governance. Key Features of Scheme: Under this scheme, Delhi government will provide 40 services such as caste certificate, driving licence at doorstep of people in the first phase. Eventually, more services will be added to the list in later phases. These essential government services will be delivered by mobile sahayaks with fee of Rs 50. For implementation of this scheme, Delhi government has intermediary agency which has set up call centres and hired mobile sahayaks (facilitators). For availing doorstep delivery of services, Delhi citizens need to call centralised number to set up home visit with mobile sahayak. The mobile sahayak will be equipped with all necessary equipment such as biometric devices and camera. These sahayak will help user fill out application, pay fee and collect documents needed for service. Then completed certificate will then be posted to applicant. For certificates that mandate visit to office concerned, such as test for driving licence, applicant will be required to personally visit to office after sahayak helps with initial application at home. This scheme will cover doorstep delivery of various certificates including caste, new water connection, income, driving licence, ration card, domicile, marriage registration, duplicate RC and change of address in RC, among others.Continue Reading W.B.C.S Current Affairs 08 September 2018 to 14 September 2018.

24) Haryana Government has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) to set up ethanol plant at village Bohali village in Panipat district with an outlay of over Rs. 900 crore. The MoU will be valid for one year. This plant will motivate farmers in its 50 km radius area to manage crop residue and prevent straw burning and help to fulfill increasing demand of ethanol and also bio-fuels for consumers of petroleum product. Key Facts: The proposed capacity of this ethanol plant will be of producing 100 kilolitres of ethanol per day. It will help to manage crop residue and prevent straw burning before upcoming paddy season. 10 cooperative and three private sugar mills in the state will provide raw fuel to this plant. There will be regular supply of raw material to this plant as paddy crop residue will be provided as raw material after end of paddy season in October and November and after that sugarcane crop residue will be supplied in cyclic manner. Bioethanol: It is an alcohol derived by process of fermentation mostly from carbohydrates of agricultural residue and feedstocks. It acts as a quasi-renewable energy, as it can be easily blended with petrol or diesel, thus making it sustainable transport fuel. Its long-term usage will help to reduce emissions and dependency on imported fossil fuel. It will benefit farmers economically, as they will be paid for their agro-based produce to extract bio-ethanol. It would also help in preventing loss of fertility of soil and damage to environment by reducing air pollution caused by burning of leftover agro-based produce.

25) Regional Conference on Good Governance with Focus on Aspirational Districts was held in Bhopal, capital of Madhya Pradesh. It was organized by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DAR&PG), Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions in association with Madhya Pradesh Government. Delegates from 12 States/2 UTs had participated in this Conference. There were 5 Technical sessions in this 2-day conference. Regional Conference on Good Governance: So far, DAR&PG has organized 28 Regional Conferences. This conference aims create common platform to share experiences in formulation and implementation of best practices in citizen centric governance and improve public service selivery through e-Governance, transparent, accountable and citizen-friendly effective administration.

26) Nepal has refused to participate in inaugural joint military exercise of Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) countries scheduled to be held in Pune, Maharashtra. Nepal’s withdrawal comes in wake of stringent criticism from ruling and opposition parties in the country. Reasons for Nepal’s backing out: The BIMSTEC military drill saying it is beyond the agenda of BIMSTEC. It also goes against country’s history of following policy of keeping equal distance from its neighbours, without ever being part of a regional bloc militarily. Experts believe that non-participation of Nepal in such ‘military drill’ certainly seems like political call and comes at time when Nepal-China relations are on upward trajectory and BIMSTEC connectivity seen as counter to China’s BRI (Belt and Road Initiative). BIMSTEC Military Exercise: The first BIMSTEC field training exercise will be conducted at Foreign Training Node at Aundh in Pune, Maharashtra from September 10 and 16, 2018. Armies of BIMSTEC members including India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand and Nepal were to participate in it. The theme of exercise includes counter-terrorism in semi-urban terrain and cordon and search. The main aim of this military exercise is to promote strategic alignment among the member-states and to share best practices in the area of counter-terrorism. The exercise was required platoon-level participation of around 30 soldiers from each BIMSTEC member countries for exercises involving counter-terrorism in semi-urban terrain and cordon and search. Now, Nepal will be only sending three-member observer team. Apart from Nepal, Thailand will also not be participating in military exercise and will be represented by observer.

27) Former world number one Novak Djokovic from Serbia won 2018 US Open title of tennis in men’s singles category by defeating Argentina’s Juan Martín del Potro (world no 3). It was Djokovic’s third US Open title and overall 14th Grand Slam title. With this win, he equalled Pete Sampras’ haul of 14 Grand Slams. Further, he became seventh man to win US Open singles title at least thrice in the Open Era. 2018 US Open Winners: Women’s singles title: It was won by Japan’s Naomi Osaka by defeating Serena Williams of US by score of 6-2, 6-4 in the finals. Men’s Double title: It was won by US pair of Mike Bryan and Jack Sock. They defeated Łukasz Kubot (Poland) and Marcelo Melo (Brazil) by 6–3, 6–1 scrore. Women’s Doubles title: It was won by Ashleigh Barty (Australia) and CoCo Vandeweghe (US). They defeated Tímea Babos (Hungary) and Kristina Mladenovic (France) pair by 3–6, 7–6(7–2), 7–6(8–6). Mixed Doubles title: It was won by Jamie Murray (UK) and Bethanie Mattek-Sands (US). They defeated Alicja Rosolska (Poland) and Nikola Mektić (Croatia) pair by 2–6, 6–3, [11–9] score. 2018 US Open: It was the 138th edition of tennis’ US Open held on outdoor hard courts at USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in New York City. It was fourth and final Grand Slam event of the year. Rafael Nadal and Sloane Stephens were defending champions in the men’s and women’s singles events, but they were unsuccessful to defend their titles in this edition of tournament.

28) Snow leopard was spotted at height of about 4,000 metres in Lippa-Asra wildlife sanctuary in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. Its picture was captured by camera-trap installed by State Wildlife Department. This findings have ascertained that snow leopards are inhabiting new areas. Snow leopard: Snow leopard (Panthera uncial) is large cat native to mountain ranges of Central and South Asia- including Himalayas, and Russia’s remote Altai mountains. It inhabits in alpine and subalpine zones at elevations from 3,000 to 4,500 m. In northern range countries, it is also found at lower elevations. It mostly feed on wild animals, but also prey on livestock. It usually hunts at dawn and dusk and is able to kill prey up to three times their own weight. In India, it is found in states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. Threats: It is threatened by poaching for their fur, habitat destruction by infrastructure developments and climate change. Protection Status: It has been listed in Schedule I under Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, Appendix I of Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) and Appendix I Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). In September 2017, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) had downgraded conservation status of snow leopard to “vulnerable” from “endangered”. It is National Heritage Animal of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Project Snow Leopard: It was launched in 2009 to safeguard and conserve Snow Leopard (an unique natural heritage of high-altitude) and its habitats by promoting conservation through participatory policies and actions. Lippa-Asra wildlife sanctuary: The sanctuary is part of district Kinnaur in Himachal Pradesh and also is part of Moorang town. It was established in 1974 and is spread over an area of 3089 hectares. It hosts wide range of flora and fauna due to varied elevation, different climatic situation and topographical type of weather found in its vicinity y. This type of weather conditions thus helps in the survival of different type of species that are housed in the sanctuary. The sanctuary has diversified wildlife that forms part of it. It houses wild species of animal like Yak, Ibex, Blue Sheep, Himalayan Musk Deer, Goral, Brown Bear and Himalayan Black Bear. The dry alpine scrub and dry coniferous type of forest are main type of flora found in this sanctuary. Besides, dwarf juniper scrub, coniferous forest and temperate type of forest of Himalayan region is also found in this sanctuary.

29) Kempegowda International Airport (KIA) in Bengaluru, capital of Karnataka is set to become first airport in Asia to introduce face recognition based passage system technology from 2019. For this, Bengaluru International Airport Ltd. (BIAL), which operates KIA has signed agreement with Portuguese software firm Vision Box. Key Facts: The face recognition based passage system will allow passengers to board flights and move across different sections of the airport using automatic biometric boarding procedure instead of manual boarding passes verification. In this case, face will serve as boarding pass. The first implementation milestone of this system at KIA will be completed in the first quarter of 2019, with Jet Airways, Air Asia and SpiceJet passengers as first users. Benefits: Face recognition based passage system will simplify journey of air passengers by making it paperless from registration to boarding. Biometric technology will identify passengers by their face as they move across airport, avoiding stops and repeated presentation of boarding passes, passports or other physical identity documents. It will enable seamless journey fo passengers, without obstacles, waiting lines or hassles, from registration to boarding.. Significance: On complete implementation, this will be first end-to-end face recognition-based walk through experience in Asia and largest in the world. It is also one of the most significant steps towards Digital India campaign endorsed by Central Government. Note: Voice Box had showcased its face recognition-based passage system for first time for Lufthansa passengers at kiosks at Los Angeles airport in US in March 2018. It had allowed Lufthansa passengers to use biometric boarding procedure instead of boarding passes.

30) The World Summit on Accreditation (WOSA-2018) was held New Delhi. It was inaugurated by Union Minister for Human Resource Development (HRD) Prakash Javadekar. WOSA-2018 was organized by National Board of Accreditation (NBA) with main focus (theme) on “Challenges and Opportunities in Outcome Based Accreditation”. WOSA 2018: The Summit facilitated exchange of information on various challenges being faced during transition between input-output based accreditation to outcome based accreditation. It saw participation of accreditation agencies from across world on common platform to share best practices. WOSA 2018 also provided opportunity for academia and industry to explore avenues for future partnerships and to create an environment for open dialogue to facilitate mobility of students and professionals world-wide to gain international experience.
Sub-themes of WOSA 2018: Achieving excellence through learning outcomes, role of industry in technical education, ranking and rating of higher education institutions – Do they have Role in Quality Improvement, linking government funding with quality and use of ICT in accreditation in large jurisdictions. Background: World Summit on Accreditation (WOSA) is biennial Summit organised by NBA, which provides platform to stakeholders to share their knowledge and information on accreditation. So far, NBA has organised three Summits in past in 2012 (theme: Achieving Excellence through Accreditation), 2014 (International Recognition of Education Qualifications) and 2016 (Quality Assurance through Outcome Based Accreditation). National Board of Accreditation (NBA): It is an autonomous organisation under Union Ministry of Human Resource Development. It is engaged in quality assurance of programs offered by professional and technical institutions in India through accreditation. It has been accorded Permanent Signatory Status of Washington Accord since June, 2014. NBA has adopted internationally implemented outcome based assessment and accreditation for ensuring that graduates of NBA accredited programs are globally competent and relevant.

31) The World Hindu Congress (WHC-2018) was held Chicago, United States. It was organized to commemorate 125 years of Swami Vivekananda’s historic Chicago address on September 11, 1893. The theme of WHC-2018 was “Sumantrite Suvikrante” — think collectively, achieve valiantly”. It was second edition of World Hindu Congress and was attended by Vice President Venkaiah Naidu. World Hindu Congress (WHC): It is global platform for Hindus to connect, share ideas, inspire one another, and impact the common good. It offers Hindus opportunity to introspect towards improvement and tap into collective resources to seek tangible solutions to most pressing issues of our age. The inaugural WHC was held in November 2014 in New Delhi with theme ‘Sangachchhadhwam Samvadadhwam’ which means ‘Step together, Express together’. Since then, it is held once every four years.

32) India’s ace sprinter Hima Das was appointed as Sports Ambassador of Assam to inspire budding players of northeastern state to aim big and young generation to take up sports seriously. Hima Das: She was born 9 January 2000 at Kandhulimari village near Dhing Town of Nagaon district, Assam. Her parents are rice farmers. She was the first Indian athlete to win gold medal in track event at IAAF World U20 Championships held in Tampere, Finland. In 2018 Asian Games (Jakarta), she had won silver medal in 400 m final to win a silver medal. She is nicknamed ‘Dhing Express’ after her village in Assam. Medals won in 2018 Asian Games: Gold medal: Women’s 4 × 400 metres relay along with M. R. Poovamma, Sarita Gayakwad and V. K. Vismaya. Silver medal: Mixed4 × 400 metres relay along with Muhammed Anas, M. R. Poovamma and Arokia Rajiv. Silver medal: Women’s 400 m individual race (time: 50.79). She had set national record by clocking 51.00 to qualify for the 400 metre final.

33) The Odisha State Assembly has passed resolution seeking creation of Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad or second house of legislature). The resolution was passed with as many as 104 of total 147 legislators casting their votes in its favour. The resolution now will be sent to Central Government (Union cabinet) for approval, following which it will be tabled in both houses of the Parliament. Thereafter, presidential assent is required to make it Act. Background: The proposal for creation of Legislative Council in Odisha was passed by State Cabinet chaired by Chief Ministry in August 2018. The proposed Council will have 49 members (one-third size of state assembly. State government plans to function legislative council from old assembly building while the existing assembly secretariat will cater to its administrative needs. Legislative Council: Explained: India has bicameral system of legislature. Just as Parliament has two Houses, States can have Legislative Council (LC) in addition to the Legislative Assembly if they choose to. This option is available under Article 171 of the Constitution. Constitutional provisions: Under Article 169, legislative council can be formed if state legislative assembly passes resolution to that effect by majority of total membership of assembly and by majority of not less than two-thirds of members of assembly present and voting (i.e. by Special Majority). Parliament can then pass a law to this effect.Currently, seven states have Legislative Councils viz. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana. Apart from these, Tamil Nadu Government had passed law to set up Council but it was withdrawn in 2010. Andhra Pradesh’s Legislative Council, set up in 1958, was abolished in 1985, but was again reconstituted in 2007. Proposals to create Councils in Rajasthan and Assam are pending in Parliament. Members of LC: Under Article 171 of Constitution, Legislative Council of state cannot have MLCs more than one-third of total number of MLAs of state assembly and not less than 40 members. Jammu & Kashmir is exception, as Section 50 of state’s Constitution, Assembly has 87 members and Legislative Council 36. The tenure of Member of Legislative Council (MLC) is six years (similar to Rajya Sabha MPs), with one-third of members retiring every two years. One-third of MLCs are elected by state’s MLAs, another 1/3rd by special electorate comprising sitting members of local governments such as municipalities and district boards, 1/12th by electorate of teachers and another 1/12th by registered graduates. The remaining members are appointed by Governor for distinguished services in various fields such as literature, science, art, co-operative movement and social service (in case Rajya Sabha, President can nominate 12 members from field of literature, science, art and social service). Powers of LC vis-à-vis Rajya Sabha: The legislative powers of Legislative Councils are limited compared to Rajya Sabha and State Assembly. Rajya Sabha has substantial powers to shape non-financial legislation, but Legislative Councils lacks constitutional mandate to do so. State Assemblies can override suggestions and amendments made to legislation by Legislative Council. Again, unlike Rajya Sabha MPs, MLCs cannot vote in elections for President and Vice President. Vice President is ex officio Chairperson of Rajya Sabha, whereas MLC elected by Council members is its Chairperson. Arguments in of favour LC: It can help check hasty actions by directly elected House, and also enable non-elected and eminent personalities to contribute to legislative process. Arguments against: Legislative Council can be used to delay legislation and to park political leaders who have not been able to win election.Continue Reading W.B.C.S Current Affairs 08 September 2018 to 14 September 2018.

34) According to recent report, Pakistan could become world’s 5th largest nuclear weapons state after Russia, United States, France and China in terms of possession of total nuclear warheads. Pakistan currently has 140 to 150 nuclear warheads and its stockpile is expected to increase to 220 to 250 by 2025 (surpassing United Kingdom) if its current proliferation trend continues. Key Findings of Report: The current estimate of 140 to 150 nuclear weapons with Pakistan exceeds projection made by US Defense Intelligence Agency in 1999 that Pakistan would have 60 to 80 warheads by 2020. Pakistan is continuing to expand its nuclear arsenal with more warheads, delivery systems and growing fissile materials production industry. The size of increase in Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal will depend on many factors. Two key factors will be how many nuclear-capable launchers Pakistan plans to deploy, and how much Indian nuclear arsenal grows. Pakistan is developing several nuclear weapons delivery systems, four plutonium production reactor, and its uranium enrichment facilities are further expanding. Pakistan is also modifying its nuclear posture with new short-range nuclear-capable weapon systems to counter military threats below the strategic level. Its nuclear program seeks to create full-spectrum deterrent that is designed not only to respond to nuclear attacks, but also to counter an Indian conventional incursion onto Pakistani territory.

35) India and France have signed agreement to collaborate for ISRO’s first human space mission Gaganyaan to be launched in 2022. Both countries have also announced working group for Gaganyaan. The announcement was made at sixth edition of Bengaluru Space Expo (touted to be largest space conference in Asia and held in Bengaluru). So far, French-Indian space cooperation was in the domain of climate monitoring, with fleet of joint satellites devoted to research and operational applications. Key Facts: Under this agreement, ISRO and French space agency CNES will form working group to exchange expertise in fields of astronaut life support, radiation protection, space debris protection and personal hygiene systems among others. CNES will be sharing its expertise acquired from France first human spaceflights of Thomas Pesquet’s Proxima mission in November 2016, when European Space Agency’s (ESA) astronaut Pesquet was on six-month mission at International Space Station (ISS). Pesquet had conducted 50 scientific experiments for CNES and ESA. It is also envisioned that French space training infrastructure such as CADMOS centre for development of microgravity applications and space operations or MEDES space clinic will be used for training of future Indian astronauts, as well as exchange of specialist personnel. The partnership between CNES and ISRO will also allow French space agency to learn from India’s developments in the field of crew transport. Gaganyaan Mission: It will be India’s first manned space mission. Under it, India is planning to send three humans (Gaganyatris) into space by 2022 for period of five to seven days. The mission was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his 72nd Independence Day speech. It will make India fourth nation in the world after USA, Russia and China to launch a human spaceflight mission. The crew of three astronauts will conduct experiments on microgravity in space. They will be selected jointly by Indian Air Force (IAF) and ISRO after which they will undergo training for two-three years. GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle, having necessary payload capability will be used to launch Gaganyaan.

36) Union Finance Ministry has doubled pecuniary limit to Rs. 20 lakh from Rs.10 lakh for filing loan recovery application in Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRT) by banks and financial institutions. It means that bank or financial institution or consortium of banks or financial institutions cannot approach DRTs if pecuniary limit amount due is less than Rs 20 lakh. This move is aimed at helping reduce pendency of cases in DRTs. Background: Banks and financial institutions’ recovery of dues (loans) takes place on ongoing basis through legal mechanisms, which inter-alia includes Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002; Recovery of Debts to Banks and Financial Institution (DRT) Act, 1993 and Lok Adalats. The borrowers of such loans continue to be liable for repayment even when the loans have been removed from the balance sheet of the bank(s) concerned. To make recovery tribunals more effective and to facilitate fast disposal of debt recovery cases, government has made several amendments in different laws, including SARFAESI Act. Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRT): DRTs were first set up under Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act 1993, also known as DRT Act. Under it, DRTs were established to facilitate debt recovery involving banks and other financial institutions with their customers. Under existing norms, DRT is supposed to dispose of matter referred to it within 180 days of receipt of application and appeal can be filed against DRT order with Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs). There are 39 DRTs and 5 DRATs functioning at various parts of the country.

37) India and France have signed implementation agreement on Mobilise Your City (MYC) to support three pilot cities – Nagpur, Kochi and Ahmedabad for reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to urban transport. It was signed between Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and Agence Française de Développement (AfD). India and MYC: MYC aims at supporting three pilot cities viz. Nagpur (Maharashtra), Kochi (Kerala) and Ahmedabad (Gujarat) in their efforts to reduce their Green House Gas (GHG) emissions related to urban transport by implementing urban mobility plans at local level and to help India at national level to improve their sustainable transport policy. The three pilot cities selected under programme as well as MoHUAwill benefit from technical assistance activities to be carried out under MYC. The main components of proposed assistance are to support planning and implementation of sustainable urban transport projects, support to strengthening institutional capacity for regulating, steering and planning urban mobility, and learn and exchange formats with other cities across India for exchanges on best practices. The details of the project activities will be worked out by AFD in consultation with MoHUA and three partner cities including institutions such as respective Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) for Smart Cities, Municipal Corporations and any transport authority or transport related SPV. Mobilise Your City (MYC): MYC is global and inclusive network of cities and countries as well as umbrella brand of European development cooperation particularly related to field of sustainable urban transport. It aims at assisting beneficiary partners – i.e. national and local governments in their preparation of National Urban Mobility Policies and Investment Programs (NUMPs) and Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs). It facilitates establishment of framework conditions for effective investment and sustainable development of urban transport infrastructure and services as well as regulatory soft measures. MYC is part of international initiative which is supported by French and German Governments. It was launched at 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) meeting in December, 2015.

38) State-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corp (ONGC) has made oil and gas discoveries in Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal that may potentially open up two new sedimentary basins in country. They are category-III basins, having hydrocarbon and are considered geologically prospective for exploration. Key Facts: Madhya Pradesh: The gas deposits were discovered in block in Vindhyan basin. This find is at 3,000-plus meters deep and is being now tested. Four wells drilled after discovery and now hydro-frack will be undertaken to test commerciality of this field. West Bengal: Oil and gas was discovered in well in Ashok Nagar of 24 Parganas district. Around one lakh cubic meters per day of gas has flowed from one object that was tested. Background: India has 26 sedimentary basins, of which only seven category-I basins have commercial production of oil and gas. Except for Assam shelf, ONGC opened up all the other six basins, including Cambay, Mumbai Offshore, Rajasthan, Krishna Godavari, Cauvery, and Assam-Arakan Fold Belt for commercial production. The seventh basin was opened way back in 1985. It is in the process of adding eighth basin by putting Kutch offshore discovery (it holds about one trillion cubic feet of gas reserves) to production. 26 sedimentary basins (category wise): Category-I basins: Cambay, Mumbai Offshore, Rajasthan, Krishna Godavari, Cauvery, Assam Shelf and Assam-Arakan Fold Belt. They have been established for commercial production. Category-II basins: Kutch, Mahanadi-NEC (North East Coast), Andaman-Nicobar, Kerala-Konkan-Lakshadweep. They are known for accumulation of hydrocarbons but no commercial production has been achieved so far. Category-III basins: Himalayan Foreland Basin, Ganga Basin, Vindhyan basin, Saurashtra Basin, Kerela Konkan Basin, Bengal Basin. They having hydrocarbon and are considered geologically prospective. Category-IV basins: Karewa, Spiti-Zanskar, Satpura–South Rewa–Damodar, Chhattisgarh, Narmada, Deccan Syneclise, Bhima-Kaladgi, Bastar, Pranhita Godavari and Cuddapah. They have uncertain potential which may be prospective by analogy with similar basins in the world.

39) India and United States will conduct their annual combat exercise “Yudh Abhyas” at Chaubatia in Uttarakhand from 16 to 29 September, 2018. The exercise will be held soon after both countries hold their inaugural top-level “2+2” dialogue in New Delhi. Key Facts: It will be fourteenth edition of exercise in Yudh Abhyas series which was started in 2004 under US Army Pacific Partnership Program. This will be fourth time exercise will be conducted at Chaubattia in Uttarakhand. The aim of this exercise will be to enhance interoperability between armies. It will also focus on enhancing counter-terror cooperation. The scope and intensity of this year’s exercise is much wider and is in reflection of upswing in defence ties between the two countries. This year’s Yudh Abhyas drills will be upgraded to battalion-level field training exercise (FTX) and division-level command post exercise (CPX). It will see participation of around 400 soldiers from each side, increase from around 200 each earlier. India will be fielding 15 Garhwal Rifles. Last year, Yudh Abhyas was held at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in the US. Background: The defence and security cooperation between India and US has witnessed new momentum in last couple of years. Earlier in September 20178, both countries had signed Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) which will allow Indian defence forces to receive military-grade communications equipment from US and ensure access to real-time encrypted information. It will also help India to obtain critical defence technologies from US. India and US also have decided to hold their first-ever mega tri-Service amphibious exercise off eastern coast of India in 2019. This will be only second time India will deploy assets and manpower from its Army, Navy and Air Force together for exercise with foreign country after tri-service Indra wargames were held with Russia at Vladivostok in 2017. In July 2018, US had announced granting India status of Strategic Trade Authorisation-1 (STA-1) country, making it first South Asian nation to be given designation along with US’ NATO allies like South Korea, Australia and Japan. STA-1 status will help India get critical technology from US in defence and certain other key areas. It will also further facilitate India-US trade and technology collaboration in defence and high technology areas. In June 2016, US had designated India as major defence partner intending to elevate defence trade and technology sharing with India to level commensurate with that of its closest allies and partners.

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