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  • Aerodynamics In Birds Flight – Zoology Notes – For W.B.C.S. Examination.
    Posted on October 10th, 2019 in Zoology
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    Aerodynamics In Birds Flight – Zoology Notes – For W.B.C.S. Examination.

    পাখির উড়ান – বায়ুগতিবিদ্যা – প্রাণিবিদ্যা নোট – WBCS পরীক্ষা।

    A bird’s wing acts as an airfoil, a curved surface evolved to provide lift and reduce drag (turbulance and friction). Air pushed into the airfoil by the bird’s forward motion pushes more forcefully on the curved underside of the somewhat upward-tilted wing.Continue Reading Aerodynamics In Birds Flight – Zoology Notes – For W.B.C.S. Examination.

    This forces air downward and causes and equal and opposite reaction causing the bird to rise. At the same time air is moving more quickly over the upperside of the airfoil (wing) than the stream below the wing. As the air moves faster over the top of the wing, pressure is diminished relative to that of the underside and the bird gains lift (rises). This follows Bernoulli’s principle.

    Beneath the pectoralis major lies the supracoracoideus, the breast muscle that powers the upstroke. It is the muscle immediately over the breast bone. The tendon of this muscle passes through the triossial canal, an opening between the coracoid, humerus and furcula and inserts into the humerus. When the supracoracoideus contracts, the tendon pulls the humerus and consequently the rest of the wing) upward. The unsual arrangement of this muscle keeps it below the center of gravity helping to stabilize flight.

    Bird flight is the primary mode of locomotion used by most bird species in which birds take off and fly. Flight assists birds with feeding, breeding, avoiding predators, and migrating.

    Bird flight is one of the most complex forms of locomotion in the animal kingdom. Each facet of this type of motion, including hovering, taking off, and landing, involves many complex movements. As different bird species adapted over millions of years through evolution for specific environments, prey, predators, and other needs, they developed specializations in their wings, and acquired different forms of flight.

    Various theories exist about how bird flight evolved, including flight from falling or gliding (the trees down hypothesis), from running or leaping (the ground up hypothesis), from wing-assisted incline running or from proavis (pouncing) behavior.

    Lift and drag

    The fundamentals of bird flight are similar to those of aircraft, in which the aerodynamic forces sustaining flight are lift and drag. Lift force is produced by the action of air flow on the wing, which is an airfoil. The airfoil is shaped such that the air provides a net upward force on the wing, while the movement of air is directed downward. Additional net lift may come from airflow around the bird’s body in some species, especially during intermittent flight while the wings are folded or semi-folded[1][2] (cf. lifting body).

    Aerodynamic drag is the force opposite to the direction of motion, and hence the source of energy loss in flight. The drag force can be separated into two portions, lift-induced drag, which is the inherent cost of the wing producing lift (this energy ends up primarily in the wingtip vortices), and parasitic drag, including skin friction drag from the friction of air and body surfaces and form drag from the bird’s frontal area. The streamlining of bird’s body and wings reduces these forces.

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