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  • LAN Technologies – Computer Science Notes – For W.B.C.S. Examination.
    Posted on October 24th, 2019 in Computer Science
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    LAN Technologies – Computer Science Notes – For W.B.C.S. Examination.

    ল্যান টেকনোলজিস – কম্পিউটার সায়েন্স নোট – WBCS পরীক্ষা।

    Local Area Network (LAN) is a data communication network connecting various terminals or computers within a building or limited geographical area. The connection among the devices could be wired or wireless. Ethernet, Token Ring and Wireless LAN using IEEE 802.11 are examples of standard LAN technologies.Continue Reading LAN Technologies – Computer Science Notes – For W.B.C.S. Examination.

    Ethernet :-
    Ethernet is most widely used LAN Technology, which is defined under IEEE standards 802.3. The reason behind its wide usability is Ethernet is easy to understand, implement, maintain and allows low-cost network implementation. Also, Ethernet offers flexibility in terms of topologies which are allowed. Ethernet operates in two layers of the OSI model, Physical Layer, and Data Link Layer. For Ethernet, the protocol data unit is Frame since we mainly deal with DLL. In order to handle collision, the Access control mechanism used in Ethernet is CSMA/CD.
    Manchester Encoding Technique is used in Ethernet.Ethernet LANs consist of network nodes and interconnecting media or link. The network nodes can be of two types:
    Data Terminal Equipment (DTE):-

     Generally, DTEs are the end devices that convert the user information into signals or reconvert the received signals. DTEs devices are: personal computers, workstations, file servers or print servers also referred to as end stations. These devices are either the source or the destination of data frames. The data terminal equipment may be a single piece of equipment or multiple pieces of equipment that are interconnected and perform all the required functions to allow the user to communicate. A user can interact to DTE or DTE may be a user.

    Data Communication Equipment (DCE):- 

    DCEs are the intermediate network devices that receive and forward frames across the network. They may be either standalone devices such as repeaters, network switches, routers or maybe communications interface units such as interface cards and modems. The DCE performs functions such as signal conversion, coding and may be a part of the DTE or intermediate equipment.

    Currently, these data rates are defined for operation over optical fibers and twisted-pair cables:
    i) Fast Ethernet
    Fast Ethernet refers to an Ethernet network that can transfer data at a rate of 100 Mbit/s.

    ii) Gigabit Ethernet
    Gigabit Ethernet delivers a data rate of 1,000 Mbit/s (1 Gbit/s).

    iii) 10 Gigabit Ethernet
    10 Gigabit Ethernet is the recent generation and delivers a data rate of 10 Gbit/s (10,000 Mbit/s). It is generally used for backbones in high-end applications requiring high data rates.

    ALOHA
    The Aloha protocol was designed as part of a project at the University of Hawaii. It provided data transmission between computers on several of the Hawaiian Islands involving packet radio networks. Aloha is a multiple access protocol at the data link layer and proposes how multiple terminals access the medium without interference or collision.

    There are two different versions of ALOHA:
    1. Pure Aloha
    Pure Aloha is an un-slotted, decentralized, and simple to implement a protocol. In pure ALOHA, the stations simply transmit frames whenever they want data to send. It does not check whether the channel is busy or not before transmitting. In case, two or more stations transmit simultaneously, the collision occurs and frames are destroyed. Whenever any station transmits a frame, it expects the acknowledgment from the receiver. If it is not received within a specified time, the station assumes that the frame or acknowledgment has been destroyed. Then, the station waits for a random amount of time and sends the frame again. This randomness helps in avoiding more collisions. This scheme works well in small networks where the load is not much. But in largely loaded networks, this scheme fails poorly. This led to the development of Slotted Aloha.
    To assure pure aloha: Its throughput and rate of transmission of the frame to be predicted.
    For that to make some assumption:
    i) All the frames should be the same length.
    ii) Stations can not generate frame while transmitting or trying to transmit frame.
    iii)The population of stations attempts to transmit (both new frames and old frames that collided) according to a Poisson distribution.

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