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  • The Uterus – Medical Science Notes – For W.B.C.S. Examination.

    Women with a diseased or malformed uterus or an absent uterus are unable to bear children. Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH; also called Müllerian agenesis), characterized by underdevelopment or absence of the vagina and uterus, occurs in about 1 in 4,500 girls at birth.Continue Reading The Uterus – Medical Science Notes – For W.B.C.S. Examination.

    Women with MRKH cannot carry a pregnancy, though those who have functioning ovaries may choose in vitro fertilization (IVF) with use of a surrogate mother for gestation. However, researchers have explored techniques for uterus transplant as a means of enabling pregnancy in MRKH patients with functional ovaries. The first successful birth of an infant to a uterus transplant recipient, using a uterus from a living donor, occurred in 2014. Four years later the first live birth from a deceased donor uterus was reported.

    In uterus transplantation with intended pregnancy, the recipient must first undergo IVF to produce embryos, which are then subjected to cryopreservation. The embryos are later transferred to the mother’s uterus once successful transplantation has been established.

    Uterus, also called womb, an inverted pear-shaped muscular organ of the female reproductive system, located between the bladder and the rectum. It functions to nourish and house a fertilized egg until the fetus, or offspring, is ready to be delivered.

    The uterus has four major regions: the fundus is the broad curved upper area in which the fallopian tubes connect to the uterus; the body, the main part of the uterus, starts directly below the level of the fallopian tubes and continues downward until the uterine walls and cavity begin to narrow; the isthmus is the lower, narrow neck region; and the lowest section, the cervix, extends downward from the isthmus until it opens into the vagina. The uterus is 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.1 inches) long; its wall thickness is approximately 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 inches). The width of the organ varies; it is generally about 6 cm wide at the fundus and only half this distance at the isthmus. The uterine cavity opens into the vaginal cavity, and the two make up what is commonly known as the birth canal.

    Lining the uterine cavity is a moist mucous membrane known as the endometrium. The lining changes in thickness during the menstrual cycle, being thickest during the period of egg release from the ovaries (see ovulation). If the egg is fertilized, it attaches to the thick endometrial wall of the uterus and begins developing. If the egg is unfertilized, the endometrial wall sheds its outer layer of cells; the egg and excess tissue are then passed from the body during menstrual bleeding. The endometrium also produces secretions that help keep both the egg and the sperm cells alive. The components of the endometrial fluid include water, iron, potassium, sodium, chloride, glucose (a sugar), and proteins. Glucose is a nutrient to the reproductive cells, while proteins aid with implantation of the fertilized egg. The other constituents provide a suitable environment for the egg and sperm cells.

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