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  • W.B.C.S. Examination Notes On – Contemporary Trends – Sociology Optional Notes.

    WBCS পরীক্ষার নোট  – সমসাময়িক প্রবণতা – সমাজবিজ্ঞান  নোটস।

    The Greek philosophers and their European successors discussed much of the subject matter of sociology without thinking of it as a distinct discipline. In the early 19th century, the subject matter of the social sciences was discussed under the heading of moral philosophy.Continue Reading W.B.C.S. Examination Notes On – Contemporary Trends – Sociology Optional Notes.

    Even after Comte introduced the word sociology in 1838, sociological studies were combined with other subjects for some 60 years. Not until universities undertook a commitment to the subject could one make a living as a full-time sociologist. This commitment had to be made first by scholars in other fields such as history and economics.

    As early as 1876, at the newly established Johns Hopkins University, some sociology was taught in the department of history and politics. In 1889 at the University of Kansas, the word appeared in the title of the department of history and sociology. In 1890 at Colby College, historian Albion Small taught a course called sociology, as did Franklin H. Giddings in the same year at Bryn Mawr College. But the first real commitment to the creation of a field of sociology took place in 1892 at the then new University of Chicago, where the recently arrived Albion Small received permission to create a department of sociology—the first such in the world. Within two years sociology departments had been founded at Columbia, Kansas, and Michigan, and shortly thereafter they were begun at Yale, Brown, and many other universities. By the late 1890s nearly all higher-educational institutions in the United States either had departments of sociology or offered courses in the subject.

    In 1895 the American Journal of Sociology began publication at the University of Chicago; in time a large number of journals followed in many other countries. Ten years later the American Sociological Society was organized, also to be followed by a large number of national, regional, international, and specialized sociological organizations. These groups institutionalized the subject and continue to guide its directions and define its boundaries. Eventually in 1949 the International Sociological Association was established under the sponsorship of UNESCO, and Louis Wirth of the University of Chicago was elected its first president.

    The rapid increase of full-time sociologists, along with the growth of sociology publications, allowed the content of the discipline also to expand rapidly. Research grew throughout the 20th century at an accelerated pace, especially after World War II, partly because of strong financial support from foundations, government, commercial sources, and individuals. This period was also marked by the rising popularity of anthropology, and many universities formed joint anthropology-sociology departments. By the 1960s, however, growing interest in anthropology had resulted in the formation of separate anthropology departments at the larger research universities. At the same time, interest in sociological research continued to develop. By 1970 there were more than a dozen important sociological journals and an indefinite number of minor journals worldwide. Along with this growth came a flourishing of research institutions—some affiliated with university departments and some independent—which allowed a small but increasing number of sociologists to pursue full-time research free from teaching responsibilities.

    In France, where Comte and later Durkheim gave early impetus to sociology, sociological research developed in a number of fields. The two world wars slowed that development somewhat, but after 1945 a strong revival of interest in sociology took place, during which the French government established a number of research institutes in the social sciences parallel to those in the natural sciences, including several in Paris—notably the Centre d’Études Sociologiques, the Institut National d’Études Démographiques, and the Maison des Sciences de l’Homme. These government-funded institutes employ many full-time sociologists, some of them among the more prominent scholars in the nation. The growth of sociological research at French universities has been somewhat more conservative; the Sorbonne, for example, in 1970 had only one chair officially assigned to sociology. The University of Nanterre, however, established a department with four professorships.

     

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