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  • W.B.C.S. Main 2018 Question Answer – Geography – Classification Of Indian soils.
    Posted on December 12th, 2018 in Geography
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    W.B.C.S. Main 2018 Question Answer – Geography – Classification Of Indian soils.

    WBCS  ২০১৮ মেইনস  প্রশ্নের উত্তর – ভূগোল – ভারতীয় মৃত্তিকার শ্রেণিবিন্যাস।

    1)Attempt a classification of Indian soils, mentioning their characteristics and area of occurrence.

    Major classification of Indian soils

    According to ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) soils are divided into 8 categories. they are.Continue Reading W.B.C.S. Main 2018 Question Answer – Geography – Classification Of Indian soils.

    1. Alluvial soil [43%]
    2. Red soil [18.5%]
    3. Black / regur soil [15%]
    4. Arid / desert soil
    5. Laterite soil
    6. Peaty Soil
    7. Forest soil
    8. mountain soil

    Alluvial soil:

    Mostly available soil in India (about 43%) which covers an area of 143 sq.km.Widespread in northern plains and river valleys.In peninsular-India, they are mostly found in deltas and estuaries. New alluvium is termed as Khadarand old alluvium is termed as Bhangar.

    Colour: Light Grey to Ash Grey.

    Texture: Sandy to silty loam or clay.

    Red soil: Seen mainly in low rainfall area. Also known as Omnibus group..

    Colour: Red because of Ferric oxide. The lower layer is reddish yellow or yellow.

    Texture:Sandy to clay and loamy.

    Black soil / regur soil:

    Regur means cotton – best soil for cotton cultivation. Most of the Deccan is occupied by Black soil.It is Mature soil.It has High water retaining capacity.Soils are Swells and will become sticky when wet and shrink when dried. Self-ploughing is a characteristic of the black soil as it develops wide cracks when dried.

    Colour: Deep black to light black.

    Laterite soil:

    Name from Latin word ‘Later’ which means Brick.It becomes so soft when wet and so hard when dried. In the areas of high temperature and high rainfall.

    Colour: Red colour due to iron oxide.

    Desert / arid soil:

    Seen under Arid and Semi-Arid conditions.

    Colour:Red to Brown.

    Texture:Sandy

    Peaty / marshy soil:

    Areas of heavy rainfall and high humidity.Growth of vegetation is very less.A large quantity of dead organic matter/humus which makes the soil alkaline

    Forest soil:

    Regions of high rainfall. Humus content is less and thus the soil is acidic.

    Mountain soil:

    In the mountain regions of the country. Immature soil with low humus and acidic.

    Understand the Different types of soils

    Types of Soils States where found Rich in Lacks in Crops grown
    Alluvial Mainly found in the plains of Gujarat,  Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand etc. Potash and Lime LimeNitrogen and Phosphorous Large variety of rabi and kharif crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, jute etc
    Black (Regur soil) Deccan plateau- Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,Tamil Nadu, Valleys of Krishna and Godavari.Lime Lime, Iron, Magnesia and Alumina, Potash Phosphorous, Nitrogen and organic matter Cotton, sugarcane, jowar, tobacco, wheat, rice etc.
    Red Eastern and southern part of the deccan plateau, Orissa, Chattisgarh and southern parts of the middle Ganga plain. Iron and Potash Nitrogen, Phosphorous and humus. Wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane and pulses
    Laterite Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Assam and Orissa hills. Western Rajastan, north Gujarat and southern Punjab Organic matter, Nitrogen, Phosphate and Calcium Cashewnuts, tea, coffee, rubber
    Arid and Desert Western Rajastan, north Gujarat and southern Punjab Soluble salts, phosphate Humus, Nitrogen Only drought resistant and salt tolerant crops such as barley, rape, cotton, millets maize and pulses
    Saline and Alkaline Western Gujarat, deltas of eastern coast, Sunderban areas of West Bengal, Punjab and Haryana Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium Nitrogen and Calcium Unfit for agriculture

    Soil Erosion in India

    It has been estimated that an area of over 80 million hectares or about one-fourth of our total area is exposed to wind and water erosion out of which 40 million hectares of land has undergone serious erosion. Ironically the extent of soil erosion is increasing in spite of our efforts to check soil erosion.

    Experts have estimated that about 40,000 hectares of our land is permanently lost to cultivation and much larger area is rendered less productive every year due to wind and water erosion. About 21 million hectares are subject to severe wind erosion in Rajasthan and adjoining areas of Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat.

    Wind erosion is a serious problem in arid and semi-arid parts of North West India. About 45 million hectares of land is subject to severe wind erosion in Rajasthan and adjoining areas of Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat and Western Uttar Pradesh

    It is estimated that 34 lakh tonnes of fertile soils is removed by wind every year in the districts of Jodhpur, Bikaner, Kota, Jaipur, Bharatpur, Kishangarh etc. in Rajasthan. These areas receive scanty rainfall. They are devoid of vegetation cover and have sandy soil

    As such these areas are exposed to wind erosion. Faulty farming practices, failure to conserve moisture, lack of managing and over grazing make the problem of wind erosion more complicated. According to the latest estimates about 8 million tonnes of soil has been removed from every square kilometre area in desert during the last hundred years.

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