• Home /Current Affairs / Weekly Current Affairs / WBCS Current Affairs 07 April 2018 To 13 April 2018
  • WBCS Current Affairs 07 April 2018 To 13 April 2018
    Posted on April 21st, 2018 in Weekly Current Affairs
    Tags:

    WBCS Current Affairs 07 April 2018 To 13 April 2018

    West Bengal Civil Service (Executive), popularly known as W.B.C.S.(Exe), is the civil service of the Indian state of West Bengal. For the W.B.C.S.(Exe) and other comparative posts, Public Service Commission of West Bengal arranges competitive examinations in three phases every year.Knowing the syllabus of W.B.C.S. Examination thoroughly is the first step towards this exam.The mains syllabus of W.B.C.S. is very descriptive.Following the previous years question papers are very important while preparing for this examination.1) The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully launched IRNSS-1I navigation satellite from Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh. The satellite was launched on board of PSLV-C41 (height of 44.4 meters and weight of 321 tonnes) after the normal lift-off and was successfully placed in the designated orbit. It was overall 20th flight of PSLV-XL version and 41st successful mission of total 43 of PSLV. Key Facts: The IRNSS-1I is overall eighth satellite to join ISRO’s NavIC navigation satellite constellation. It replaced IRNSS-1A, the first of seven navigation satellites of IRNSS series that was rendered ineffective after its three rubidium atomic clocks failed. IRNSS-1I was made by Bengaluru-based Alpha Design Technologies in collaboration with ISRO. Note: It was ISRO’s second attempt to send replacement satellite. The previous mission of a PSLV carrying IRNSS-1H in August 2017 failed after the heat shield covering satellite failed to separate in space after the launch. The IRNSS-1I was having lift-off weight of 1,425 kg and has life span of 10 years. It carried two types of payloads: Navigation and Ranging. They are L5 and S-band navigation payloads and C-band ranging payloads. It also has corner cube retroreflectors for LASER ranging. It will be stationed in Geosynchronous Orbit at 36,000 km height. IRNSS: The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is an independent satellite based regional system developed indigenously by India on par with US-based GPS, Russia’s Glonass and Galileo developed by Europe. It was renamed “Navic” (Navigation with Indian Constellation). The NAVIC system is constellation of seven satellites, (namely IRNSS-1I, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F and 1G) of which three are geostationary and four are non-geostationary. It provides location tracking within 20 meters of actual positions, especially in 1,500 km area around the country’s borders. The indigenous satellite-based navigation system under one’s control and command is considered a deep strategic asset. The NAVIC navigation system has both civilian and military uses. Moreover, it helps not just in land navigation but also in marine and aerial navigation. It offers wide services like terrestrial and marine navigation, disaster management, vehicle tracking and fleet management visual and voice navigation for drivers. Background: The need for indigenous navigation system on par with GPS was felt soon after Kargil conflict (1999), when India desperately needed services osatellite-based navigation system, but did not have one of its own. The US system was not available at the time. Only US (named GPS) and Russia (Glosnass) currently have fully operational GPS systems at present. China (Beidou) and Europe (Galileo) are still in process of deploying their full systems.Continue Reading WBCS Current Affairs 07 April 2018 To 13 April 2018.
    2) India ranked 130th out of 186 economies in recently released Index of Economic Freedom 2018 that measures the degree of economic freedom in the countries of the world. In this edition of index, India with score of 54.5 jumped 13 places from 143rd rank in previous year (2017) with a score of 52.6 points. Index of Economic Freedom (IEF): The index was released by top US based Think Tank, The Heritage Foundation. It ranks countries based on score ranging 0 (least free) to 100 (most free). The score is based on 12 factors of economic freedom, separated into four categories, using statistics from international organizations like World Bank, IMF, Economist Intelligence Unit and Transparency International. Based on the score, countries are grouped in 5 different categories, Free (80–100), Mostly Free (70.0–79.9), Moderately Free (60.0–69.9), Mostly Unfree (50.0–59.9) and Repressed (0–49.9). Twelve factors for calculating score are: property rights, government integrity, tax burden, judicial effectiveness, government spending, fiscal health, business freedom, monetary freedom, labor freedom, trade freedom, investment freedom and financial freedom. Key highlights of 2018 IEF: Top 10 countries are: Hong Kong, Singapore, New Zealand, Switzerland, Australia, Ireland, Estonia, United Kingdom, Canada and UAE. The world economy overall is rated moderately free and world average has now risen three and a half points, from 57.6 to 61.1 since the first edition of the index was released in 1995. India’s Neighbours: Bhutan (87), Sri Lanka (111), Bangladesh (128), Pakistan (131) and Nepal (133). China with 57.4 points was ranked 111th. It has jumped one spot compared from 112th rank in previous edition. BRICS: South Africa (77), Russia (107), China (111), India (130) and Brazil (153). India related Facts: India is developing into open-market economy, but traces of its past autarkic policies still remain. The economic liberalisation measures undertaken in India, including industrial deregulation, privatisation of state-owned enterprises and reduced controls on foreign trade and investment since in early 1990s has accelerated growth. However, corruption, underdeveloped infrastructure, restrictive and burdensome regulatory environment and poor financial and budget management continue to undermine overall development.
    3) India, world’s third-largest energy consumer after US and China hosted 16th International Energy Forum (IEF) Ministerial Meeting from 10-12th April 2018 in New Delhi. It was formally inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This is second time India hosting IEF Ministerial meeting. It had earlier hosted 5th IEF Ministerial in 1996 at Goa. IEF Ministerial Meeting: The theme of 2018 IEF Ministerial Meeting was “The Future of Global Energy Security: Transition, Technology, Trade and Investment”. It was attended by Petroleum Ministers from 42 countries and was co-hosted by China and South Korea. It was informal dialogue held at both political and technical levels. It was aimed to improve policy and investment decisions, and through increased knowledge and experience sharing. The deliberations among other important issues held in this edition of meeting were global energy security, sustainable and inclusive growth, energy access and affordability, fiscal regimes and legal reforms to attract investments in the energy sector and energy sector digitalization-benefits and challenges. International Energy Forum (IEF): The IEF is an inter-governmental arrangement set up in 1991 and based (Secretariat) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It serves as neutral facilitator of informal, open, informed and continuing global energy dialogue among its member countries. There are 72 member countries of IEF (comprising of energy producing and energy consuming states, including transit countries) including India, covering all six continents. Its membership accounts for 90% of global supply and demand for oil and gas. IEF’s Executive Board (EB) was set up in 2002 and comprises of 31 designated representatives of Ministers of the member states. It meets twice a year. International Energy Agency (IEA) and Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are non-voting members of the Executive Board. The EB is chaired by the Host State of the next biennial Ministerial Meeting. Indian is currently Chair of IEF’s Executive Board. The IEF Ministerial Meetings are held biennially and is world’s largest gathering of Energy Ministers who engage in dialogue on global energy issues.
    4) The National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) under Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has issued Expression of Interest (EoI) for first offshore wind energy project of India. The global EoI is for prospective offshore wind energy developers for developing 1000 MW (1 GW) offshore wind energy project in Gulf of Khambat, off the coast of Gujarat. Key Facts: The proposed area first offshore wind energy project is located 23-40 km seaward side from Pipavav port in Gujarat. The EoI is expected to evince keen interest from leading players (both global and domestic) of offshore wind turbine manufacturers and developers. Domestic industry can also participate along with suitable tie up with global players. Significance: With announcement of this first offshore wind energy project, MNRE is attempting to develop this sector in India and envisages to replicate success of on-shore wind power sector. This will help India to attain energy security and achieve National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) targets. At global level, it has been observed that, offshore wind energy is better than onshore wind in terms of efficiency. The offshore wind power is also becoming competitive and comparable in terms of tariffs. Background: MNRE is plannning to install at least 5 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2022. It had notified National Offshore Wind Energy Policy in October 2015 for this sector. Under it, Chennai based NIWE was designated nodal agency to carry out necessary studies and surveys before final bidding of offshore wind project sites. It also acts as single window for facilitating necessary clearances required for development of these projects. NIWE has identified areas off coasts of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu for development of offshore wind power. It had had installed first offshore LiDAR in Gulf of Khambhat for measurement of wind resource and is collecting wind speed data from November 2017. It will install second LiDAR off Tamil Nadu coast by September, 2018.
    5) The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has delegated powers to Finance and Petroleum Ministers to award oil and gas exploration blocks to successful bidders under Hydrocarbon Exploration Licensing Policy (HELP). Under HELP, exploration blocks are to be awarded twice in a year and currently awarding of blocks requires the CCEA’s approval. Delegation of these powers will expedite decision making process on awarding blocks and further enhance ease of doing business in petroleum and natural gas sector. Background: Under HELP, Empowered Committee of Secretaries (ECS) considers Bid Evaluation Criteria (BEC), conducts negotiations with bidders wherever necessary and makes recommendations to CCEA on award of blocks. Then CCEA approves award of blocks. The entire process, including Inter Ministerial Consultations (IMC) is quite lengthy and time consuming. It hampers ease of doing business. So it was desirable to shorten duration of time taken for award of blocks and contract areas. Under HELP the competitive bidding is continuous process and blocks are awarded twice year. Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP): Central Government had launched Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) in March 2016, as a new policy regime for Exploration & Production (E&P) in petroleum and natural gas sector. Its main features are Revenue Sharing Contract (RCS), single Licence for exploration and production of conventional as well as unconventional hydrocarbon resources, marketing and pricing freedom etc. Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) is also main innovative feature under HELP wherein investor can carve out blocks of their own interest and submit an expression of interest (Eol) throughout year. Based on areas for which EoI has been expressed bidding is conducted every 6 months.
    6) The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Delhi has installed Massive Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) lab on campus for standardisation, R&D and manufacturing of 5G equipment. It will be the first of its kind 5G lab in the country and has been set-up at Bharti School of Telecommunication Technology and Management. Key Facts: The lab will serve as 5G base station prototype that will be used to test and verify algorithms and also develop complete 5G base station. It will help in manufacturing of 5G base stations in India with support and collaboration from industry. It will also be instrumental in generating skilled manpower in this technology. In this Massive MIMO lab, several antennas are deployed at prototype base station to allow network to communicate reliably with very large number of mobile terminals simultaneously at same time and on same frequency channel. The large antenna array also improves system power efficiency as mobile terminals will now be required to radiate 10 times lesser power than in 3G/4G systems. In regular 3G/4G base station technology, only few antennas are deployed. 5G: 5G is wireless communication technology based on third-generation partnership project (3GPP). It is next generation mobile networks technology after 4G LTE networks. It is expected to offer enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) through R15 repeaters that can cater to coverage requirements. The 5G wireless technology will offer far greater upload and download speed i.e. 100 times faster internet data speed than current 4G networks. It has potential to demonstrates spectral efficiency and potential for diversified services such as Internet of Things (IoT) and augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR). In December 2017, 3GPP had completed first set of 5G New Radio standards. High data speed offered by 5G network will help cloud systems to stream software updates, music, and navigation data to driverless cars. Moreover, it holds the key to growth of artificial intelligence (AI) systems and enhance IoT.
    7) The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has relaxed rules for state-owned Coal India Ltd (CIL) for extraction of Coal Bed Methane (CBM) lying below coal seams in its blocks in bid to quickly boost production. Till now, CIL had to apply to oil ministry for a licence to extract coal-bed methane (CBM) from its coal blocks. Key Facts: CCEA has approved amending clause 3(xiii) of 2015 notification issued by Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) under Section 12 of Oil Fields (Regulation and Development) Act (ORD Act), 1948. The decision is in line with the Government’s initiatives of ‘Ease of Doing Business’. The amendment is granted under Petroleum & Natural Gas Rules 1959 (PNG Rules, 1959) to CIL and its subsidiaries for not applying for grant of license and lease under PNG Rules, 1959 for extraction of Coal Bed Methane (CBM) under their coal bearing areas. Significance: It will expedite the exploration and exploitation of CBM, enhance availability of natural gas and reduce gap in demand and supply of natural gas. The increased development activities for exploration and exploitation of CBM gas reserves will generate economic activities, thus create employment opportunities. Coal Bed Methane (CBM): CBM is generic term used for gas that is found in adsorbed state in coal. It is natural gas found in coal seams. It mainly consists of Methane (CH4) with minor amounts of nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and heavier hydrocarbons like ethane (C2H6). It is clean source of energy. During the initial years of mining, CBM was vented out and wasted into the atmosphere as it was considered as serious safety hazard while conducting coal mining operations. However, later with advancement of technology it was possible to extract CBM, a precious energy resource and an unconventional form of natural gas. Advantages of CBM as a fuel: It is environmentally safe and clean fuel which on combustion emits only carbon dioxide and water. It is not only considered as an efficient fuel but also reduces emission of greenhouse gas from coal mining. Its extraction prior to coal mining activities makes mining activities safer by degassing the coal seams.
    8) The Union Cabinet has approved signing of Host country (Headquarters) Agreement between India and International Solar Alliance (ISA). The agreement was signed between Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and ISA in March, 2018. Key Facts: The agreement gives ISA juridical personality power to contract, acquire and dispose off movable and immovable properties and also to institute and defend legal proceedings. Under it, ISA will enjoy such privileges, applicable tax concessions and immunities that are necessary for ISA’s Headquarter to independently discharge its function and programmes. It will derive its status, privileges and immunities as per Article 10 of Framework Agreement. Significance: The agreement will institutionalize functional arrangements between India and ISA. It will help in smooth transition of ISA as international inter-governmental organization. It will lead to accelerated solar technology development and deployment in ISA member countries including India. International Solar Alliance (ISA): ISA was jointly launched by India and France in November 2015 at Paris on side lines of COP21 UN Climate Change Conference. Its Framework Agreement came into force in December 2017. It celebrated its founding day on 11th March, 2018. It is headquartered at campus of Natioanl Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), Gurugram, Harayana, making it first international intergovernmental treaty based organization to be headquartered in India. Objectives of ISA: Undertake joint efforts required to reduce the cost of finance and the cost of technology; Mobilize more than US $1000 billion of investments needed by 2030 for massive deployment of solar energy; Pave way for future technologies adapted to needs of solar rich 121 countries lying fully or partially between Tropic of Cancer and Capricon. ISA’s 4 ongoing programmes: Scaling Solar Mini Grids; Affordable Finance at Scale; Scaling Solar Applications for Agricultural Use; Scaling Solar Rooftop catering to the needs of solar energy in specific areas.
    9) The Union Cabinet has approved Memorandum of understanding (MoU) between India and United Kingdom and Northern Ireland on the return of Illegal Migrants. Decision in this regard was taken at Union Cabinet meeting chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Key Facts: The MoU will facilitate that Visa Free Agreement for holders of Diplomatic passports as well as liberalization of UK Visa Regime travelling to UK legally, after its conclusion. It will ensure return of persons who have no lawful basis to be in territory of other Party after verification of nationality to its satisfaction. It will help in streamlining procedure of return of nationals who are caught to be staying illegally, belonging to other party in specified time-frame.
    10) India and Morocco have signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in the field of Mining and Geology for a period of 5 years to promote mineral exploration. It was signed in New Delhi after the bilateral discussions between Mines Minister Narendra Singh Tomar and his Moroccan counterpart Aziz Rabbah. Key Facts: Under this MoU, focus will be laid on evaluation of potential mineral resources and promoting exploration and mining through participation of both public and private sector. The focus of MoU is on development of geological infrastructure for Geoscience Maps and geochemical maps, strengthening geological research and evaluation of potential of mineral resources. Geological Survey of India (GSI) will assist Morocco in geological mapping and mineral exploration.
    11) India’s first high-speed electric locomotive with 12000 horsepower (HP) engine has been flagged off by Prime Minister Narendra Modi from Madhepura Electric Locomotive Factory in Bihar. It is first big Make-in-India project developed and completed by Indian Railways in collaboration with French firm Alstome. Key Facts: Capacity and Speed: India’s first high-speed electric locomotive has 12000 horsepower (HP) engine with maximum speed of 110 km per hour. With this, India joins elite list of countries, including Russia, China, Germany and Sweden that have 12,000 HP and above capacity electric locomotives. Till now, most powerful electric engine in Indian Railways was of 6,000 HP. Usage: The high horsepower electric locos are equipped with IGBT (IGBT based propulsion technology) based propulsion technology. They will have the ability to endure the tough Indian climate and will be pressed into service as freight trains. They will be used to transport coal and iron ore. IGBT Technology: It has three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily used as electronic switch. It gives combined advantages of high efficiency and fast switching. It offers greater power gain than standard bipolar type transistor combined with the higher voltage operation and lower input losses. Significance: The induction of heavy-haulage electric locos will help to decongest saturated routes by improving speed and carrying capacity of freight trains of Indian Railways. With 100% electrification, they will bring down operating costs of Indian Railways and also significantly cut down greenhouse gas emissions. Background: Indian Railways had entered into agreement with France’s Alstome for manufacturing 800 high-speed locomotives. Under this pact, first five electric engines were to be imported while remaining 795 will be manufactured in India under Make in India imitative over a period of 11 years. The total cost of this project is Rs 20,000-crore project, which includes setting up the factory at Madhepura (Bihar) and two loco maintenance depots at Saharanpur (Uttar Pradesh) and Nagpur (Maharashtra) at cost of Rs 1,300 crore. The average cost of each locomotive is estimated to be Rs. 25 crore.
    12) The first meeting of the newly constituted NITI Forum for Northeast was held in Agartala, Tripura. It was was organised by NITI Aayog and Ministry of Development of North East Region (DoNER) and North Eastern Council (NEC). It was co-chaired by NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman Rajeev Kumar and Minister of State (Independent Charge), for DoNER, Jitendra Singh. Representatives of all eight member northeastern states Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura participated in it. Key Highlights of meeting: 5 development missions: They were outlined for promoting sectors like horticulture, tourism and food processing in the region. Other missions will cover bamboo-based handicrafts and medium scale industries with focus on ‘Make in North-East’. HIRA Development Concept: The focus of development projects in region will be based on the concept of “HIRA” which stands for Highways, Internet ways, Railways and Airways. There will be also emphasis on education, health and skill development in the region. NITI Forum for North East: It was constituted in February 2018 with an aim to ensure sustainable economic growth of North Eastern Region (NER) and periodically review the development status in NER. It has its Secretariat in the Ministry of DoNER. Representation: The forum is co-chaired by Vice-Chairman of NITI Aayog and Minister of DoNER. It includes representation from all NER States, their Chief Secretaries and Secretaries of relevant Central Ministries and Departments, Directors of reputed institutions (IIT, IIM etc), experts and journalists are included as members. Mandate: The forum is tasked to identify various constraints on way of accelerated, inclusive and sustainable economic growth in NER of country. It will also recommend suitable interventions for addressing identified constraints. It will also review development status in the NER.
    13) The eleventh edition of World Hindi Conference (विश्व हिंदी सम्मेलन) will be hosted by Mauritius in its capital city Port Lois in August 18-20, 2018. The conference provides common platform to several Hindi scholars, writers and laureates from different parts of the world to contribute the language. It will be organised by Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India in association with Government of Mauritius. The theme of the Conference is “Vaishvik Hindi Aur Bharatiy Sanskriti“. The venue of Conference is Swami Vivekanand International Convention Centre, Pailles Mauritius. World Hindi Conference: The First World Hindi Conference was held from 10 to 12 January 1975 in Nagpur and was inaugurated by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Since then, ten such Conferences have been held in different parts of world. In the first conference, then Prime Minister of Mauritius Seewoosagur Ramgoolam was Chief Guest and it was attended by 122 delegates from 30 countries. Since then every year 10th January is being observed as World Hindi Day. The 10 edition of World Hindi Conference was held in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh (India) in 2015 with the theme of Hindi Jagat-Vistar and Sambhavnaye.
    14) The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has constituted 12-member committee to review enforcement of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) provisions under Companies Act, 2013. It will be headed by Regional Director (Western Region) Manmohan Juneja. Besides, there will be two sub-committees viz. legal and technical that will go into various aspects in relation to compliance with CSR provisions. Committee’s Terms of References: The committee will review functioning of CSR enforcement and recommend uniform approach for its enforcement. It will revisit guidelines for enforcement of CSR provisions and basis, including structure of Centralised Scrutiny and Prosecution Mechanism (CSPM). It will also look at methodologies for monitoring of compliance by companies with CSR norms for having an effective CSPM. It will also revisit Schedule VII of Companies Act, 2013 pertaining to the board list of CSR activities that can be taken up under the Act on basis of references received from various stakeholders. Background: Under Companies Act, 2013, certain class of profitable companies (entities) are required to shell out at least 2% of their three-year annual average net profit towards CSR activities. In case of non-compliance, these companies have to furnish reasons to Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). In recent times, MCA has come across rising instances of non-compliance with CSR requirement. Last year, MCA had sought explanation from many companies for not complying with CSR norms. As per official data, 6,286 companies spent Rs. 4,719 crore towards various CSR activities in 2016-17, with total number of such projects taken up stood at 11,597.
    15) The Union Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment has launched new website and mobile application of the National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK). It was launched by Union Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment Thaawarchand Gehlot in New Delhi. Key Facts: The new website is very user-friendly and as per Central Government Guidelines for official websites. It is comprehensive website giving complete details about Commission viz. its composition, mandate, manner of filing complaints, details of visits undertaken by its Chairman and Members, etc. It also facilitates petitioners to file their grievances and complaints, etc. on-line on website and thereafter track them. Simultaneously, petitioner can also lodge their grievances and complaints through their android mobile phones by using NCSK App which can be downloaded from Google Play Store free of cost. National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK): The NCSK was established in 1994 to deal with the grievances of persons engaged in manual scavenging. It has a sanctioned strength of four members and a chairperson. It is statutory body established under National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act, 1993. It aims to promote and safeguard the interests and rights of Safai Karamcharis. Its mandate is to study, evaluate and monitor the implementation of various schemes for Safai Karamcharis as an autonomous organisation.
    16) India donated US $1 million to support Swaziland’s National Disaster Management Agency as well as food grains. India also expressed commitment to developmental partnership to create local capacities Swaziland and across Africa. The commitment came after India’s President Ram Nath Kovind addressed Swaziland’s parliament, becoming first visiting Head of the State to do so. Indian President Kovind visited Swaziland on the second leg of his three-African nation tour which also included Equatorial Guinea and Zambia. Key Takeaway from President’s visit: India will support Swaziland National Disaster Management Agency by donating US $1 million as well as food grains. India invited Swaziland to join International Solar Alliance (ISA) as partner country. India is ready to help Swaziland on issues of public health. India will establish Centre of Agricultural Excellence in Swaziland for sharing its experience in the sector. President Kovind inaugurated IT Centre built with Indian assistance. India has offered to help in the construction of a Disaster Recovery Site for providing data backup at Swaziland’s National Data Centre. India also announced concessional finance for constructing new parliament building in Swaziland. However, no details of the concessional finance were provided.
    17) India and World Expo 2020 Dubai have signed participants contract for India’s pavilion in prestigious World Expo 2020 held once in 5 years. The contract provides for setting up of India pavilion at Expo 2020 on extra-large plot (about one acre) in Opportunity segment. Key Facts: India’s pavilion at World Expo 2020 will be developed in public-private partnership mode. Leading industries and businesses will work with Central government and State governments to participate in India’s pavilion. The focus will be given to India’s advances in IT, space, pharma, renewable energy, telecom sectors. The aim of India’s pavilion will also be to connect with priorities of UAE by showcasing India’s strength in innovation and startups which are pushing barriers in high technology areas like artificial intelligence, financial technology (fintech), space and green energy. A number of state governments, various ministries of central government and major industry associations and businesses have shown interest in partnering and participating in World Expo 2020 which will take place in October 2020 for six months duration.
    18) The National Safe Motherhood Day (NSMD) is celebrated every year on April 11 to create awareness on proper healthcare and maternity facilities to pregnant and lactating women. It also seeks to create awareness about the institutional delivery, reducing anemia among women and better pre and post natal health care are necessary for mothers. The theme of 2018 NSMD was ‘Respectful Maternity Care’. Background: The NSMD is an initiative of White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood, India (WRAI) to ensure that every women has access to during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal services. At request of WRAI, the Central Government in 2003 had instituted this day on the occasion of birth anniversary of Kasturba Gandhi, wife of MK Gandhi, father of nation. India is first country in the world to celebrate National Safe Motherhood Day. Every year WRAI selects advocacy theme of NSMD.
    19) The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) launched ‘Project Dhoop’ to address rising incidence of Vitamin D deficiencies (VDD), particularly amongst the young people. The project aims to encourage schools to shift their morning assembly to around noon-time, mainly between 11 am to 1 pm to ensure maximum absorption of Vitamin D in students through natural sunlight. Project Dhoop: It has been launched by FSSAI along with National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) as well as North MCD Schools. The concept of noon school assembly under it is an innovative and effective concept to ensure that school students get adequate Vitamin D through sunlight, while also opting to choose food products like milk and edible oils that are fortified with Vitamins A and D. Background: The launch of project comes in backdrop of rising incidence of Vitamin D deficiency in country as the studies have found that over 90% of boys and girls in various Indian cities are deficient in Vitamin D despite most part of India receiving abundant sunshine all the year through. Many factors can contribute to Vitamin D deficiency such as overuse of sun screen, wearing clothes that cover most of the skin, working inside all day in air-conditioned atmosphere among others. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI): FSSAI is a nodal statutory agency responsible for protecting and promoting public health in India through regulation and supervision of food safety. It was established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 and operates under aegis of Union Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
    20) The Union Government has appointed AIIMS professor Balram Bhargava as Director General of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and Secretary of the Department of Health Research. He will have tenure of three years or until attainment of age of 60 years. Bharagava, at present Professor and Senior Consultant Cardiologist at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR): ICMR is India’s apex scientific body for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research. It was established in 1911 as Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) making it one of oldest and largest medical research bodies in the world. The ICMR functions unde Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It is headquartered in New Delhi. Its Governing Body is presided over by Health Minister. It is assisted in scientific and technical matters by Scientific Advisory Board comprising eminent experts in different biomedical disciplines. ICMR’s research priorities coincide with national health priorities such as control and management of communicable diseases, fertility control, maternal and child health, control of nutritional disorders, research on major non-communicable diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and mental health research and drug research (including traditional remedies) and developing alternative strategies for health care delivery.
    21) According to recently published study, over quarter of nitrogen on Earth comes from weathering of planet’s bedrock. For centuries, prevailing science indicated that all of nitrogen on Earth available to plants comes from atmosphere. This study could greatly improve climate change projections. Key Facts: The study has found that up to 26% of nitrogen in natural ecosystems is sourced from weathering of rocks, with remaining fraction from atmosphere. But input of this nitrogen source in global land system is unknown. This study shows that nitrogen weathering is globally significant source of nutrition to soils and ecosystems worldwide. Ecosystems need nitrogen and other nutrients to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution and there is limited amount of it available from plants and soils. Geology and carbon sequestration: Rock-derived nitrogen may fuel growth of forests and grasslands, and allow them to sequester more CO2 than previously thought. However, according to this study not just any rock can leach nitrogen. Rock nitrogen availability is determined by weathering, which can be physical, such as through tectonic movement or chemical i.e. when minerals react with rainwater. Significance: The discovery will greatly improve climate change projections, which rely on understanding carbon cycle. It will also feed carbon cycle on land, allowing ecosystems to pull more emissions out of the atmosphere. Mapping nutrient profiles in rocks for their carbon uptake potential can help drive conservation efforts. The work also helps solve case of the missing nitrogen. For decades, scientists had recognized that more nitrogen accumulates in soils and plants than can be explained by input from atmosphere alone, but they couldn’t pinpoint what was missing.
    22) The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) headed by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi has appointed senior IPS officer Rajesh Ranjan as Director General of Central Industrial Security Force (CISF). He will have tenure till November 30, 2020, i.e. the date of his superannuation. The post was lying DG of CISF was vacant after incumbent OP Singh took over as DG of Uttar Pradesh Police in January 2018. Ranjan is 1984 batch Indian Police Service (IPS) officer of Bihar cadre. Prior to this appointment he was Special Director General of Border Security Force (BSF). Central Industrial Security Force (CISF): The CISF is a central armed police force under the aegis of Ministry of Home Affairs. It was initially established under CISF Act, 1968 to protect major PSUs. However, it was converted to armed force with a larger ambit under an amendment to the Act in 1983. CISF is tasked with providing security to various government installations including country’s airports, metros etc. Now, CISF provides security to industrial ventures and establishments, VIPs and engages in disaster management amongst others. It also has Fire Wing to response to fire emergencies/accidents. With force larger than 1,65,000 it is the largest security force in the world.
    23) The World Homoeopathy Day (WHD) is observed every year on April 10 to pay tribute to Dr. Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann, founder and father of Homeopathy system of medicine. Observance of day seeks to spread more knowledge about this form of medicine in mainstream public health. This year it is 263rd birth anniversary of founder of Homoeopathy.On this occasion, Vice President M Venkaiah Naidu inaugurated scientific convention on WHD 2018 in New Delhi organised by Ministry of AYUSH. The theme of two-day convention wass “Innovate: Evolve, Progress: Exploring Science since 40 years”. Homeopathy: Homeopathy as system of medicine was developed by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann in Germany in 1796. Now it is one of the major forms of treatment, adapted by most of the doctors of the world. It second most widely used system of treatment. It is one of major medical practices used to cure the diseases worldwide. This system of medicine uses a unique way of treatment by stimulating body’s own healing power. It is an alternative to the standard medicine system. The entire concept of this system of treatment is different to the other conventional forms of medicines. Homoeopathy is widely popular and recognized in India and has been integrated into the national health care systems.
    24) Former UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon was elected as Chairman of Boao Forum for Asia replacing Japan’s Yasuo Fukuda. Former governor of People’s Bank of China Zhou Xiaochuan was appointed vice-chairman. Both the appointments took place during second session of annual Boao Forum, known as “Asian Davos” underway in China’s Hainan province. Ban Ki-moon is South Korean diplomat and was eighth Secretary-General of United Nations from January 2007 to December 2016. Key Facts: The second Boao Forum will see participation of more than 2,000 political and economic leaders, including heads of large multinational firms. This year forum will be attended by UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, International Monetary Fund (IMF’s) Managing Director Christine Lagarde, Austrian President Alexander van der Bellen and Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte. Boao Forum for Asia (BFA): BFA is non-profit organisation that hosts high-level forums for leaders from government, business and academia in Asia and other continents to share their vision on most pressing issues in this dynamic region and world. It is modelled on annual World Economic Forum (WEF) held annually in Davos, Switzerland. The Forum is committed to promoting regional economic integration and bringing Asian countries even closer to their development goals. It was established in 2001. Its first meeting was held in April 2002 and since then it is held annually. Its fixed address is held annully in Bo’ao, Hainan province, China although Secretariat is based in Beijing. The forum sometimes is known as the “Asian Davos”. It takes its name from town of Boao in China’s southern Hainan province, which has been permanent venue for its annual conference since 2002.
    25) The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) has brought in secured digitally-signed QR Code on e-Aadhaar. It will contain photograph of Aadhaar holder in addition to demographic details. The small QR code will be on front side of cutaway portion of e- Aadhaar, with demographic data. It will also have UIDAI digital signature to make this information more secured and tamper-proof. Key Facts: QR code is form of barcode label which contains machine-readable information while e-Aadhaar is electronic version of Aadhaar that can be downloaded from official UIDAI website. The digitally signed QR code will contain photo of Aadhaar holder in addition to existing facility of demographic details. It will allow various user agencies like banks to verify the authenticity of Aadhaar card offline. This is a simple offline mechanism to quickly verify the genuineness of the Aadhaar card. Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI): UIDAI is nodal statutory organization behind the Aadhaar, a 12 digit unique number. It was granted statutory status by Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016. Aadhaar is 10 digit number is linked with an individual’s demographic and biometric information, which serves as an authentication tool throughout India. Using Aadhaar, Union and State Governments are trying to link many of their major development and subsidy schemes to reduce leakages and duplication.
    26) Singapore and China have inked Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to promote greater collaboration between companies from both countries in third-party markets along China’s ambitious Belt and Road routes. The MoU will see the formation of a working group between Singapore’s Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI), China’s National Development and Reform Commission and Enterprise. Key Facts: The working group will identify sectors and markets of mutual interest, organise business-matching activities and forums to facilitate third-party market cooperation between Singapore and Chinese companies under Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Under it, both countries will work with commercial and policy banks, insurers and financial institutions to support financing and project structuring needs of third-party market ventures under BRI by companies from both sides. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): BRI is an ambitious China’s ambitious development strategy and framework that aims to boost its connectivity and trade that will that will connect Asia, Africa, Middle East and Europe. It was proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. It comprises two components viz. the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The initiative is part of China’s revived 21st century Silk Road diplomacy that seeks to push it to take a bigger role in global affairs as a major global power. It is basically investment and trade promotion scheme aiming to deepen economic connections between China and rest of the world.
    27) IIT-trained Australian scientist of Indian origin Veena Sahajwalla has launched world’s first microfactory that can transform components from electronic waste items into valuable materials for re-use. Key Facts: The e-waste microfactory uses green manufacturing technologies to turn many types of consumer waste such as glass, plastic and timber into commercial materials and products. It is modular micro factory that can operate on site as small as 50 square metres and can be located wherever waste may be stockpiled. It has one or series of small machines and devices that uses patented technology to perform one or more functions in the reforming of waste products into new and usable resources. Working: The e-waste microfactory has number of small modules for processing e-waste and fits into small site. The discarded devices are first placed into module to break them down. The next module involves special robot for identification of useful parts. Another module then involves using small furnace which transforms these parts into valuable materials by using precisely controlled temperature process developed via extensive research. Use of e-waste: These transformed materials from the micro-factory includes metal alloys and range of micromaterials. These can be used in industrial-grade ceramics and specific quality plastics from computers, printers and other discarded sources can be used to produce filaments suitable for 3D-printing applications. The metal alloys can be used as metal components for new or existing manufacturing processes, she said. Significance: The e-waste microfactory has the potential to reduce the rapidly growing problem of vast amounts of e-waste causing environmental harm and going into landfill. It offers a cost-effective solution to one of the greatest environmental challenges of our age. The microfactory presents solution to burning and burying waste items that contain valuable materials that can be transformed into value-added substances and products to meet existing and new industry and consumer demands.
    28) Labour Secretary M Sathiyavathy took charge as member of Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). She was administered oath of office and secrecy as member by Vinay Mittal, Chairman, UPSC. Sathiyavathy is IAS Officer of 1982 batch of AGMUT Cadre. She has rich and varied experience and has worked in various key positions under the Government during the course of a long career spanning over 35 years. She has held several important positions in Central Government including first woman chief of Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). She also had served as Joint DG in Directorate General of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Controller, ISRO Satellite Centre, Department of Space, Member Secretary, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles. UPSC: UPSC is a constitutional body that conducts the prestigious civil services examination. It has been established under Article 315 of the Constitution of India and consists of a Chairman and ten Members, who are appointed and removed by President. The chairman and members of the Commission hold office for a term of six years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. Article 316 of Constitution deals with appointment and term of office of members.
    29) The Eighth Regional 3R Forum in Asia and Pacific was held in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. It was co-organized by Ministry of Housing and Affairs, Japan’s Environment Ministry, and United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD). Key Facts: Government of Madhya Pradesh,Indore Municipal Corporation and Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) were Organizing State Partner, City Partner and Industry Partner of the event. The theme of this edition of forum was “Achieving Clean Water, Clean Land and Clean Air through 3R and Resource Efficiency– A 21st Century Vision for Asia-Pacific Communities”. The event saw participation of around 40 mayors of cities around the world and mayors of more than 100 cities across India. 3R Forum in Asia and Pacific: The Regional 3R Forum in Asia and Pacific was launched in 2009 in Tokyo, Japan with objective of integrating 3Rs– reduce, reuse and recycle in policy, planning and development. The forum provides strategic platform for sharing best practices in 3R areas, including new and emerging issues of concern in waste management. Its members include governments, aid agencies, international agencies, private sector entities, research bodies, NGOs and other relevant parties. Japan had hosted inaugural Regional 3R Forum in Tokyo in 2009. During the forum meetings, members hold discussions on policies, provided support for the implementation of 3R projects in member countries and share useful information and build networks for further promotion of 3R initiatives. United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD): UNCRD was founded in 1971 as instrument to help achieve the strategy for Second United Nations Development Decade. It was created by agreement between Government of Japan and UN. Its operations are supported by UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN/DESA). Its vision is to achieve sustainable living environment for all. Its mission is to assist developing countries in their efforts to achieve sustainable development. Its interventions in developing countries are clustered under three main thematic interrelated and complementary areas of work viz. Integrated Regional Development Planning, Sustainable Urban Management and Knowledge Management.
    30) The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has placed 11 public sector banks (PSBs) out of 21 State-owned banks under its Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework because of deteriorating performance. Three-four more PSBs are expected to be brought under PCA framework. Key Facts: The 11 banks already under PCA framework are IDBI Bank, UCO Bank, Bank of India (BoI), Central Bank of India, Indian Overseas Bank, Dena Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce (OBC), Bank of Maharashtra (BoM), United Bank of India, Corporation Bank and Allahabad Bank. Since PCA framework restricts amount of loans banks can extend, placing 11 PSBs under it will put pressure on credit being made available to companies especially MSMEs. Large companies have access to corporate bond market so they may not be impacted immediately. These banks may take at least another 6-9 months before they report any noticeable improvement in key regulatory indicators, which will help them come out of PCA. Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework: PCA is process or mechanism to ensure that banks don’t go bust. Under it, RBI has put in place some trigger points to assess, monitor, control and take corrective actions on banks which are weak and troubled. It was first introduced after global economy incurred huge losses due to failure of financial institutions during 1980s-90s. According to latest PCA framework, banks to be placed under it are assessed on three parameters viz. Capital ratios, Asset Quality and Profitability. Indicators to be tracked for these three parameters are CRAR (Capital to Risk weighted Assets Ratio)/Common Equity Tier I ratio, Net NPA (non-performing assets) ratio and Return on Assets (RoA) respectively. If banks breach of any risk threshold mentioned above, it results in invocation of PCA against them. RBI enforces these guidelines to ensure banks do not go bust and follow prompt measures to put their house in order. It had tightened its PCA framework in April 2017 to turn around lenders with weak operational and financial metrics, Depending on the risk thresholds set in PCA rules, banks placed under it are restricted from expanding number of branches, staff recruitment and increasing size of their loan book. Other restrictions include higher provisions for bad loans and disbursal only to those companies whose borrowing is above investment grades.
    31) The Union Health and Family Welfare Ministry has banned over-the-counter sale of 14 steroid creams to prevent indiscriminate sale of ointments containing steroids and antibiotics without prescription. These 14 preparations were included under Schedule H of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 to impose the ban. Key Facts: The decision was taken following consultation with Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB), which had recommended ban on sale of such creams without prescription. It also had submitted their recommendations to Central Drugs Standards Control Organisation (CDSCO). The move comes after dermatologists complained that pharmaceutical companies were selling steroid-based creams to patients, who use them without medical guidance. Some banned ointments are beclomethasone, desonide, alclometasone and fluocinonide among others. Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB): DTAB is highest statutory decision-making body on technical matters related to drugs in the country . It is constituted as per the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. It is part of Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Schedule H Drugs: Schedule H is a class of prescription drugs listed under Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 which governs manufacture and sale of all drugs in India. These are drugs cannot be purchased over counter without prescription of qualified doctor. It is revised time to time on advice of DTAB.
    32) Researchers have discovered new class of antibiotics called odilorhabdins or ODLs that fights drug resistance. It was produced by symbiotic bacteria found in soil-dwelling nematode worms that colonise insects for food. The bacterium helps to kill insect and secrete antibiotic to keep competing bacteria away. Key Facts: Researchers had screened 80 cultured strains of ODL bacteria for antimicrobial activity. They had isolated active ODL compounds and studied their chemical structures and engineered more potent derivatives. During research it was found that ODL act on ribosome (molecular machine that makes proteins cells needed to function) of bacterial cells. ODL like many clinically useful antibiotics, work by targeting ribosome. But ODL is unique because it binds to place on ribosome that has never been used by other known antibiotics. ODL after binding to ribosome disrupts ability of ribosome of bacterial cells to interpret and translate genetic code. ODL impact reading ability of ribosome and cause ribosome to make mistakes when it creates new protein. This miscoding corrupts cell with flawed proteins and causes bacterial cell to die. Effectiveness: On testing ODL compounds against bacterial pathogens, including many known to develop resistance it was found that these compounds cured mice infected with several pathogenic bacteria and demonstrated activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriacae. Significance: Many antibiotics slow bacterial growth, but antibiotics that actually kill bacteria such as ODLs called bactericidal antibiotics are rare. ODLs has unconventional source and has distinct way of killing bacteria, making it effective at treating drug-resistant or hard-to-treat infections.
    33) NASA’s will launch humanity’s first mission Parker Solar Probe (PSP) to the Sun in July 31, 2018. It is undergoing final preparations for its scheduled launch on board of NASA’s Delta IV Heavy launch vehicle from Kennedy Space Centre in Florida. After its launch, the probe will orbit directly through solar atmosphere — the corona — closer to surface than any human-made object has ever gone. Parker Solar Probe mission: It is NASA’s first planned robotic spacecraft to study outer corona of Sun. It has been designed and built by Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. It is named after solar astrophysicist Eugene Parker, first spacecraft of NASA to be named after living person. The spacecraft is designed to endure harsh environment near Sun, by approaching within 8.5 solar radii (5.9 million kilometers) to ‘surface’ (photosphere) of Sun where incident solar intensity is approximately 520 times intensity at Earth orbit. The probe will be fitted with thermal protection system (TPS) or heat shield made of reinforced carbon-carbon composite that will allow it to survive temperatures in Sun’s corona. It main systems and scientific instruments are located in central portion of shield’s shadow, where direct radiation from Sun is fully blocked. The primary power for mission is dual system of solar panels (photovoltaic array). Secondary source consists of much smaller secondary array power that uses pumped-fluid cooling to maintain operating temperature. Scientific goals of PSP: Determine structure and dynamics of magnetic fields at sources of solar wind. Trace flow of energy that heats corona and accelerates solar wind. Determine what mechanisms accelerate and transport energetic particles. Explore dusty plasma near Sun and its influence on solar wind and energetic particle formation. In its seven-year mission, PSP will explore Sun’s outer atmosphere and make critical observations to answer questions about physics of stars. Its data will also be useful in improving forecasts of major eruptions on Sun and subsequent space weather events that impact technology on Earth, as well as satellites and astronauts in space.
    34) The eight edition of Theatre Olympics concluded in Mumbai, Maharashtra after glorious run of 51 days across 17 cities of India and showcasing rich heritage and culture across length and breadth of the country. It was inaugurated by Vice President Venkaiah Naidu in February 2018 at the majestic Red Fort in New Delhi. Key Facts: The 8th Theatre Olympics was organised by National School of Drama (NSD) under Ministry of Culture. The theme of the festival was – “Flag of Friendship“. The 51-day event had brought together around 25,000 artists from India and across the world. It witnessed 450 shows from more than 30 countries performed across 17 cities such as across Indian during festival. The 8th Theatre Olympics was biggest international theatre festival held in India for first time. It staged more than 400 plays and hosted 78 allied events including 34 Living Legend series, 29 Master Classes, seven Interfaces, six national and international seminars and two workshops across 17 cities. Besides, about 600 ambience performances and 250 youth forum shows were also held during the nationwide event. The Theatre Olympics: The Theatre Olympics is an international festival that brings together finest productions of well-known theatre practitioners from around the world. It was established in 1993 in Delphi, Greece as an initiative of noted Greek heatre director Theodorus Terzopoulus. Greece was the first country to host Theatre Olympics in 1995. Since then it was held in Japan (1999), Russia (2001), Turkey (2006), South Korea (2010) and China (2014). The 7th edition of mega carnival of theatre was held in Poland in 2016.
    35) India and South Korea signed mutual recognition of certificate of competency of seafarers to provide Indian seafarers employment on over 500 Korean ships. It was signed during four-day visit of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari to South Korea. Key Facts: The agreement will boost bilateral ties between both countries in ports and shipping space as they are eyeing partnerships in shipbuilding, waterways and smart transportation, among others. It will be beneficial to both countries as South Korea is large ship owning nation, while India is large seafaring nation with over 1.5 lakh seafarers. The pact will help in creating job opportunities for Indian seafarers and also pave way for recognition of maritime education and training through various certificates issued for seafarers by governments of both countries. Background: Shipping, Road Transport & Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari’s visit to South Korea was aimed at strengthening ties between two nations and cooperation in areas, including sharing of technology, experience in port development and operation and joint participation in port-related construction, building and engineering projects etc. It also focused on taking forward bilateral cooperation between India and South Korea in shipping, ports, inland waterways, highways, river interlinking and infrastructure sectors. India and South Korea have institutional framework for cooperation through MoU for cooperation and mutual assistance to facilitate development of ports, port-related industries and maritime relationship. South Korea is known for maritime technology prowess, had partnered with Ministry of Shipping in Maritime India Summit held in Mumbai during April 2016.
    36) India and Nepal have agreed to boost cooperation in connectivity sector as they decided to develop inland waterways for cargo movement within Protocol to Treaty of Transit between India and Nepal. It was decided during delegation-level talks between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Nepalese counterpart K P Sharma Oli. Key Facts: Both countries recognised untapped potential of inland waterways to contribute towards overall economic development of the region. They took cognisance of their geographies and held that development of inland waterways in both countries for movement of cargo, within framework of trade and transit arrangements, will provide additional access to sea for landlocked Nepal. This development of inland waterways will enable cost-effective and efficient movement of cargo. It will have enormous impact on the growth of business and economy of Nepal as it will provide additional connectivity to it. Both countries will formulate and mutually agree upon requisite procedures and modalities for including inland waterways as additional means of transport the Protocol to Treaty of Transit between India and Nepal.
    37) The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas launched Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana in New Delhi. It was inaugurated by Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas Dharmendra Pradhan. Under it gas connections will be distributed to identified beneficiary women in the national capital. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): PMUY was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in May 2016 with tagline of Swachh Indhan, Behtar Jeevan. The scheme’s motive is to provide free of cost LPG (cooking gas) connections to women from BPL Households. Through it, cash assistance is given to beneficiaries to get a deposit-free new connection The scheme aims to empower women and protect their health by shifting them from traditional cooking based on unclean cooking fuels or on fossil fuels to clean cooking gas. It is first social welfare scheme implemented by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. In February 2018, Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) had approved to enhance target base of PMUY from 5 crore to 8 crore.
    38) Four kingfisher bird species thriving in Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh were recently sighted. The species have been identified are Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis), White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon pileate) and Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis). Key Facts: In India, 12 species of kingfisher bird can be sighted. The four sighted in sanctuary are wetland dependents. The wetland ecosystem is prime attraction for them. The conservation status of four sighted species is “least concern”. These birds are thriving as sanctuary is ideal habitation for prey. Kingfisher belongs to family of small to medium-sized, brightly colored birds in order Coraciiformes. The family contains 114 species and is divided into three subfamilies and 19 genera. All kingfishers spices have large heads, long, sharp, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails. Most kingfishers spices species have bright plumage with only small differences between sexes. Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary: It is wildlife sanctuary and estuary located in Andhra Pradesh. It is one of rarest eco-regions of world because it harbour’s vast tracts of pristine mangrove forests. It is believed to be one of last remaining tracts of thick primary mangrove forests of South India. It covers area of 194.81 km2 and is spread across Krishna and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh. The estuary of Krishna River passes through it. It is believed that this region potentially holds one most significant populations of fishing cats in the world.
    39) India has agreed to build strategic railway link between Raxaul in Bihar and Kathmandu in Nepal to facilitate people-to-people (P2P) contact and bulk movement of goods. The announcement was made after delegation-level talks between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Nepalese counterpart K P Sharma Oli who was on three-day visit to India. Key Facts: The new electrified rail line between Kathmandu and Raxaul will be financed by India. Its objective will be to expand connectivity between two neighbours and enhance P2P linkages and promote economic growth and development. As first step towards building railway connectivity, India in consultation with Nepal will carry out preparatory survey work within one year. This will be followed by finalization of implementation and funding modalities of project based ondetailed project report. There are three other railway projects in pipeline between both countries viz. Nautanwa-Bhairahawa, New Jalpaiguri-Kakarbhitta and Nepalgunj Road-Nepalgunj. Significance: The proposal to link Raxaul to Kathamandu with railway line comes nearly two years after China in March 2016, agreed to construct strategic railway link with Nepal through Tibet with apparent aim of reducing landlocked Nepal’s dependence on India for transit connectivity. It also comes in backdrop of recent Chinese linkages with Nepal as it took on building three highways to be completed by 2020. China and Nepal have recently also signed a transit treaty which also comes years after sense of mistrust that had prevailed when certain sections in Nepal blaming India for 135-day blockade that was carried out by Madheshi protesters from terai plain regions bordering India from September, 2015 to February 2016 that had crippled Nepal’s economy.
    40) Linguist from University of Hyderabad have discovered two endangered languages Walmiki and Malhar predominantly spoken in remote regions of Odisha. They were discovered by Prof Panchanan Mohanty as part of activity of Centre for Endangered Languages and Mother Tongue Studies. The professor had collected some data and did preliminary analysis of these languages and published paper in proceedings of XX Annual Conference of Foundation for Endangered Languages, UK. Key Facts: Walmiki: It is spoken in district of Koraput of Odisha and on bordering districts of Andhra Pradesh. It is an isolate language and does not belonged to particular family of languages. Its name is interesting and indicative as speech of the community claims to be descent from great Indian saint-poet Valmiki, who is credited to have written one version of epic Ramayana. Malhar: It is spoken in a remote and isolated hamlet about 165 km away from Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Now it is spoken by community consisting of about 75 speakers including children. It belongs to “North Dravidian subgroup of Dravidian family of languages. It has close affinities with other North Dravidian languages like Malto and Kurux spoken in Jharkhand, West Bengal and Bihar. Background: India has been termed sociolinguistic giant and linguists paradise by various scholars across the world. Though Central government has made effort to document endangered tribal and minor languages, there are many languages which are unknown to world and are waiting to be discovered and documented.
    41) Uttar Pradesh Government has launched Ganga Hariteema Yojana (also known as Ganga Greenery scheme) in 27 districts of the state located on the bank of river Ganga. It was launched by Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath in a function organised on bank of Sangam the confluence of rivers of Ganga, Yamuna and mythical Saraswati. Key Facts: The scheme aims at enhancing green cover in catchment areas of river Ganga and control land erosion. Under it tree plantation will be carried out in 1 Km areas from banks of river. General people will also be encouraged for tree plantation on their private lands under ‘One Person One Tree’ slogan. Department of Forest has been nominated as nodal department for the scheme. High power committee under chairmanship of Chief Minister will monitor implementation of scheme. The scheme will be carried out by September 16, 2018 which is observed as Ozone Day.
    42) Madhubani railway station got complete makeover with Mithila paintings. The makeover project was unique initiative of Indian Railways to experiment with local artists voluntarily painting works in short span of two months. More than 225 artists, 80% of them women, volunteered to paint station free of cost. The total wall area of railway station covering area more than 14,000 sq ft has been fully painted with various themes under traditional Mithila painting style. Mithila painting: Mithila painting is folk painting practiced in Mithila region of India (especially Bihar) and Nepal. It is also known as Madhubani paintings which mean ‘forest of honey’. It has been mentioned in ancient Indian texts like Ramayana. It originated in small village known as Maithili in Bihar. Initially, women from village drew paintings on freshly plastered mud walls of their home as illustration of their thoughts, hopes and dreams using fingers and twigs forming two dimensional imagery using paste of powdered rice. With time, it became part of festivities and special events like marriage. It was made from paste of powdered rice. It also used colours derived from vegetables and plants. Now they are also painted on cloth, handmade paper and canvas. The central themes of Mithila paintings are based on Hindu Gods and Goddesses. Its main theme is supported by traditional geometric patterns. Some of main attributes of these paintings are double line border, abstract-like figures of deities, ornate floral patterns, bold use of colours and bulging eyes and jolting nose of faces of figures. The various styles of Mithila painting include Bharni, Tantrik, Katchni, Godna, and Kohbar, which were historically painted only by women from the upper strata in caste system, who used to make them on mud walls on special occasions. Mithila painting has been accorded the coveted GI (geographical Indication) status as it has remained confined to compact geographical area and skills have been passed on through centuries, but content and the style have largely remained same.
    43) President Ram Nath Kovind embarked on three-nation official state visit to African countries of Equatorial Guinea, Swaziland and Zambia from April 7 to 12, 2018. It will be first-ever visit by any head of state of India to Equatorial Guinea and Swaziland. Indian President’s visit to Zambia will be taking place after 29 years. The visit will help to further deepen relations between three African countries. It will be overall President Kovind’s visit third visit to African continent since he took office. Earlier in March 2018, President had undertaken two-nation visit to Madagascar and Mauritius. Key Highlights of President’s visit: Equatorial Guinea: The visit comes at invitation of Equatorial Guinea President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo. President Obiang will also host fficial banquet lunch for President Kovind. Indian President will address the Indian community at a reception organised by Embassy of India. Swaziland: President Kovind will be received by King of Swaziland, Mswati-III. He will hold delegation-level talks with the Swazi officials. President Kovind and King Mswati-III will jointly inaugurate Information Technology Centre located in Royal Science and Technology Park (RSTP). Zambia: President Kovind will be received by his Zambian counterpart Edgar Chagwa Lunguand. Later he will have delegation-level talks with Zambian side. He will also have interaction event with Indian community and addressing business event.
    44) The two-day Assam Spring Festival was held at Manas National Park. It was organised by Indian Weavers’ Association and Swankar Mithinga Onsai Afat, an association of reformed poachers in Manas who are now engaged in wildlife conservation and preservation. Key Facts: The aim of the festival was to promote local food and culture of fringe villagers. It also attempted to create model of alternative livelihood through food, handloom and culture. The itinerary of festival included village tours, exposition of local handicraft and handloom, cultural showcase, local folk music and tasting of local cuisines and delicacies. It saw participation of over 300 domestic and foreign tourists. Residents of fringe villages that dot National Park gave tourists experience of lifetime by offering them peek into their rural lives. Manas National Park: Manas National Park (or Manas wildlife sanctuary) is UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, a Project Tiger reserve, an elephant reserve and a biosphere reserve in Assam. It is home to a great variety of wildlife, including many endangered species viz. tiger, pygmy hog, Indian one horn rhinoceros and Indian elephant. It is located in Himalayan foothills and is contiguous with Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan. It covers five districts of Assam- Kokrajhar, Baksa, Chirang, Udalguri and Barpeta. The Manas river, a major tributary of Brahmaputra River passes through heart of national park.
    45) The Reserve Bank of India switched back to gross domestic product (GDP) model from the gross value added (GVA) methodology to provide its estimate of economic activity in the country. The switch to GDP is mainly to conform to international standards and global best practices. Key Facts: The GVA methodology gives picture of state of economic activity from producers’ side or supply side whereas the GDP model gives picture from consumers’ side or demand perspective. Globally, performance of most economies is gauged in terms of GDP model. This is also approach followed by multilateral institutions, international analysts and investors because it facilitates easy cross-country comparisons. Background: Government had started analysing growth estimates using GVA methodology from January 2015 and had also changed the base year to 2018 from January 2018. Even the Central Statistical Office (CSO) has started using GDP model as supply-side measure of economic activity as main measure of economic activities since January 15, 2018.
    46) Tamil Nadu Government launched bi-lingual ‘Uzhavan’ (farmer) mobile application in a bid to use technology for benefit of farmers. It was launched by Chief Minister K Palaniswami in state capital Chennai. The app available in Tamil and English language will allow ryots to have access to nine types of services, including details about their crop insurance. Key Facts: The app can be downloaded from Google Playstore. It can be used by farmers to get information on farm subsidies, book farm equipment and related infrastructure. It will also help them to get details on their crop insurance, besides receiving weather forecast for next four days. It will also provide information on available stocks of seeds and fertilisers in local government and private stores. Amma Bio-Fertiliser scheme: Tamil Nadu Government also launched ‘Amma Bio-Fertiliser’ scheme named after late Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa. It is aimed at better management of nature farming and help boost and maintain soil fertility.
    47) The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Malaysia concluded joint military exercise “Desert Tiger 5” aimed at sharing expertise and enhancing joint military actions in Dubai, UAE. The military exercise was implemented within framework of UAE leadership’s continued desire to support and create unique partnerships between both countries in all areas. Key Facts: The military exercise was aimed at raising level of performance and combat efficiency and working together between both countries based on strategy to improve the overall ability and combat readiness of ground forces. It highlighted the success of plans to build their skills and capacities of armies of both countries. It also aimed at sharing experience and increased military action between two countries. Its objective was to reach general level and combat readiness of ground forces and professionalization in dealing with modern weapons and weapons in different environments of operational areas. The joint exercise reflected interest and concern of General Command of Armed Forces in improving their capabilities and fighting skills consistent with clear strategy and contributing to the development of the capabilities and capabilities land forces of both countries protecting the country’s bottom-hunger.
    48) The Soft Drinks Industry Levy also known as soft drinks sugar tax or sin tax or sugar tax came into force in United Kingdom as part of government’s plan to combat obesity and sugar related disease. With introduction of sugar levy, UK joins few countries, including Mexico, France and Norway that have introduced similar fat taxes. Key Facts: The Soft Drinks Industry Levy was announced in 2016. It is based on levels of sugar in drinks, with most sugary drinks paying highest tax. Drinks containing 5 grams of sugar per 100ml taxed are taxed at 18 pence per litre, and those with more than 5 grams per 100ml taxed at 24 pence per litre. The levy will be applied to manufacturers in Britain and whether they pass it on to consumers or not will be up to them. It will be not applicable to fruit juices as they don’t contain added sugar and neither to drinks that have high milk content. The levy is expected to raise 240 million pounds every year for Treasury. Proceeds from it will be used to directly fund new sports facilities in schools as well as healthy breakfast clubs, ensuring children in UK lead healthier lives. Comment: According to UK government figures, 60% of its population is overweight, with approximately one-in-four people obese. Sugary soft drinks account for around 20% of sugar consumed by children. High sugar consumption has been linked to weight gain, which is risk factor for several obesity related diseases including cancer in adults. Rather than banning products or forcing companies to act, UK Government through this levy is hoping to nudge manufacturers in healthier direction. One option open to companies is changing recipes to lower added sugar, so that they pay less or no tax.
    49) The Union Government will launch GOBARdhan Yojna, a central government scheme nationally from Karnal district of Haryana by end of April 2018. GOBAR is acronym for Galvanising Organic Bio Agro Resources. The scheme was announced by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley in his 2018 budget speech. The government aims to cover nearly 700 districts under the scheme in this financial year (2018-19). Key Facts: The scheme focuses on managing and converting cattle dung and solid waste from farms and fields to useful compost, biogas and bio-CNG. It will also help in keeping villages clean and generate energy while increasing income of farmers and cattle herders. Gram panchayats will play key role in implementation of this scheme under which bio-gas plants from cattle dung will be set up at individual or community level and also at level of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and NGOs like Gaushalas. The central and state governments will provide funds in the ratio of 60:40, which will depend upon the number of households in villages. They will also provide assistance of experts for setting up the plants. Significance of Scheme: The scheme will be hugely beneficial for country as India is home to highest cattle population in world (around 300 million in number) which produces around 3 million tonnes of dung. It will encourage farmers to consider dung and other waste not just as waste but as source of income. It will provide many benefits to rural people by keeping villages clean and sanitized, improving livestock health and increasing farm yields. Under it, biogas generation will help to increase self-reliance in energy utilized for cooking and lighting. It will augment income of farmers and cattle herders. It will create new opportunities for jobs linked to waste collection, transportation, biogas sales etc. It will also provide stable fuel supply in market for oil companies and accessible credit in market through government schemes and banks for entrepreneurs. Villagers will be mobilized under this scheme to create self-help groups (SHGs) and creative societies that will help in clean energy and green jobs initiative.
    50) The RH-300 MKII sounding rocket developed by IRSO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) was successfully launched from Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Key Facts: The rocket was launched by VSSC under Sounding Rocket Experiment (SOUREX) programme for atmospheric studies. It utilises this rocket to study Equatorial E and lower ionosphere regions of atmosphere. The study will enrich available atmospheric data and refine models used for tropical weather prediction. The objective of experiment is to measure neutral wind in dynamo region (80-120 km) of equatorial ionosphere using indigenously developed Electron Density and Neutral Wind Probe (ENWi). It will also perform cross-validation using an independent Tri Methyl Aluminium (TMA) release technique. Comment: It was overall 21st launch of RH300 sounding rocket. Atmospheric studies with TMA were done in 1960’s utilizing sounding rockets of foreign countries and first it was launched on May 2, 1965 using Centaure rocket. After a long gap, TMA experiment is being conducted now with indigenously made payload and rocket.
    51) The Union government has banned imports of hormone oxytocin to stop its misuse in livestock industry, where it causes hormonal imbalances and shortens the lives of milch animals. The Government has decided to rely on domestic production to satisfy requirements of hormone. It has asked customs officials to step up vigilance against those likely to try and smuggle oxytocin into India. Background: India had halted retail sales of oxytocin as prescription-only drug in 2014, but failed to curb illegal sales and the volume of imports was unclear. Even, Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) in February 2018 had recommended import ban of oxytocin. It also had recommended that sale be limited to registered government hospitals and clinics and bar code system should be used on all forms of drug to ensure tracking and prevent abuse. For adopting its recommendations, DTAB proposal had proposed amendments to section 10 of Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and rule 96 of Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945. Oxytocin: Oxytocin, often called love hormone, is released naturally in human bonding activities such as sex, childbirth and breastfeeding. It is uterine stimulant hormone, prescribed for initiation of uterine contractions and induction of labour in women as well as stimulation of contractions during labour. It is also used to help abort fetus in cases of incomplete abortion or miscarriage, and control bleeding after childbirth. It may be used for breast engorgement. Misuse: It is a controversial hormonal injection that is used widely in the dairy industry, agriculture and horticulture. The drug’s abuse in animals shortens their lives and makes them barren sooner. Even its misuse is reported among trafficked children, injected to accelerate puberty among girls. It is also being misused to speed up deliveries for pregnant women in overcrowded government hospitals.
    52) India, South Korea joint anti-piracy, search and rescue exercise ‘Sahyog-Hyeoblyeog 2018’ was conducted in Bay of Bengal off the Chennai coast in Tamil Nadu. The exercise was conducted between Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and Korean Coast Guard (KCG) as part of proposed establishment of MoU between them to improve maritime security in Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Sahyog-Hyeoblyeog 2018: The exercise aimed at developing working level co-operation and aenhanced inter-operability between coast guards of both countries in fields of maritime search and rescue. The exercise witnessed varied scenarios such as prohibition of a pirate vessel, cross boarding, fire fighting, hijacking of merchant vessel and its subsequent rescue and search and rescue (SAR) demonstration. For the exercise, ICG had deployed Dornier aircraft along with ICG Shaurya, Rani Abbakka, C-423, C-431. KCG had deployed its lone ship BADARO. As part of the exercise, ships of ICG and KCG undertook strategic exercises and drills to counter piracy and carry out maritime law enforcement tasks. Dornier aircraft deployed by IGC undertook out sea-air coordinated search along with five ships. KCS ship took part in this search and rescue exercise.
    53) The fourth of eight Mark IV LCU vessels – L54, built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE), Kolkata was formally handed over to Indian Navy at GRSE, Kolkata. The first ship of Mark IV LCU vessels INS LCU 51 was commissioned into Indian Navy in 2016. Moreover, two more LCU ships L52 & L53 have been already delivered to Indian Navy. Key Facts: L54 is 62.8 meters long and 11 meters wide and has 90% indigenous content. It is fitted with 2 MTU 16V 4000 M 53 marine Diesel Engines each fitted with one Fixed Pitch Propeller generating 2 X 1840 KW power. It has displacement capacity of around 950 Tons. It has endurance of around 1500 nautical miles at 12 knots speed. It boasts of modern habitability conditions with accommodation for 216 personnel. It is fitted with 2 X CRN-91 indigenous 30mm Guns, 4 X MMG and 2 X HMG to provide artillery fire support during attack missions. Background: The Mark IV LCU vessels are a further improved version of the Mark III LCU vessels presently being used by the Indian Navy. These total eight vessels Mark IV category are amphibious ships with primary role to transport and deploy Main Battle Tanks (MTBs), armoured vehicles, troops and equipment from ship to shore. LCU MK-IV vessels will be based in Andaman and Nicobar Command. It can be deployed for multirole activities like beaching operations, disaster relief operations, search and rescue, supply and replenishment and evacuation from distant islands. They will contribute to the nation’s maritime security needs.
    54) Indian Air Force (IAF) is going to conduct Exercise Gaganshakti 2018, biggest air combat exercise along Pakistan, China borders between April 10 to 23, 2018. The aim of this exercise is real time coordination, deployment and employment of air power in short and intense battle scenario. Though it is IAF centric exercise, it will also be executed keeping in mind “Joint Operational Doctrine” so that requirements of other services are also met. Key Facts: The exercise is aimed at coordinating operations, maintenance and administrative responses to achieve stated objectives of IAF, in case of any contingency. This exercise will hone war fighting skills of air warriors in real time scenario thus affirming IAF’s role as cutting edge of India’s military capability. In this pan India synergised exercise, IAF will mobilise its all assets in war like scenario within 48 hours of orders from Air Force Chief. It will mobilise more than 1100 combat, transport and rotary wing (helicopter) aircrafts to practice real time combat scenario that will be conducted day and night with enemy encompassing along Pakistan border in Western areas and along China border in Northern areas. The IAF in this exercise will showcase its multi spectrum capabilities, both offensive and defensive. It will conduct all terrain operations- high altitude, desert, maritime scenarios and special operations in the real time. During the exercise, 1100 aircrafts will be flying three-four sorties in day with cumulative sorties reaching to tcount of 3300 to 4400 in day. The exercise will put to test logistics stamina of IAF and its ability to sustain continuous operations through day and night. Apart from wartime drills, IAF will also practice and validate various Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) drills.
    Our own publications are available at our webstore (click here).
    For Guidance of WBCS (Exe.) Etc. Preliminary , Main Exam and Interview, Study Mat, Mock Test, Guided by WBCS Gr A Officers , Online and Classroom, Call 9674493673, or mail us at – mailus@wbcsmadeeasy.in
    Please subscribe here to get all future updates on this post/page/category/website
    WBCS Feedburner Subscription

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

    This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

     WBCS Foundation Course Classroom Online 2024 2025 WBCS Preliminary Exam Mock Test WBCS Main Exam Mock Test WBCS Main Language Bengali English Nepali Hindi Descriptive Paper