WBCS Exe Etc Exam Main Optional Subject Botany Syllabus

BOTANY :

Paper – I : Microbiology:

Plant virus- types – TMV- Physicochemical characteristics and Multiplication, One step growth curve, Lytic cycle (T4 phage) and Lysogenic cycle (Lambda phage), Significance of lysogeny, Viroids and Prions.Continue Reading WBCS Exe Etc Exam Main Optional Subject Botany Syllabus.
Bacteria – Distinguishing features of Archaea and Bacteria, Flagella (ultrastructure) and Pilli, wall –chemical structure and differences between Gram +ve & Gram –ve bacteria, Bacterial genome and plasmid, Endospore – formation, structure and function. Genetic Recombination (Transformation, Transduction & Conjugation) Application in Medicine and Industry.
Plant Pathology:
Terms and Definitions: Disease concept, Symptoms, Etiology and causal complex, Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic and Sporadic diseases, Disease triangle, Disease cycle (monocyclic, polycyclic and polyetic) with special reference to Late Blight of Potato, Brown Spot of Rice and Citrus Canker. Host – Parasite Interaction. Pathotoxin (Definition, criteria and example), Phytoalexin, Resistance. Plant Disease
Management- Symptoms, Causal organism, Disease cycle and Control measures.
Cryptogams:

ALGAE:

General account. Ultrastructure of cell. Diatom: Cell structure, Cell division, Auxospore formation in Centrales and Pennales. Economic Importance: Food, Phycocolloid (Agar-agar, Algin, Carrageenan), Diatom, Algal Biotechnology – potential of microalgae for SCP, β-carotene, Biofertilizer, Biodiesel; Principles of mass cultivation of microalgae; Algal toxins.

FUNGI & LICHEN:

General Account: Hyphal forms, Fungal spore forms and mode of liberation,
Sexual reproduction and degeneration of sex, Homothallism and heterothallism,   , Life cycle patterns, Anamorphic fungi and parasexuality, Mycotoxins with emphasis on aflatoxin. Mycorrhiza: Role in

Agriculture & Forestry.

Fungal Biotechnology: Mushroom, Cheese and Ethanol- Industrial production (brief outline), Fungal sources and uses of Mycoprotein, Enzyme (Cellulase), Amino acid (Tryptophan), Vitamin (Riboflavin), Antibiotic( Griseofulvin), Pharmaceuticals (Cyclosporin-A).
Lichen : Types, Reproduction , Economic and ecological importance.

BRYPOPHYTES :

General Account and Origin of Alternation of Generations (Homologous and Antithetic theory), Evolution of Sporophytes (Progressive and Regressive concept).
Importance: Role of bryophytes in Plant succession and Pollution Monitoring.

PTERIDOPHYTES:

General Account: Colonisation and rise of early land plants.
Fossil Pteridophytes: Structural features, Geological distribution and Evolutionary significance.
Telome concept and its significance in the origin of different groups of Pteridophytes.
Heterospory and Origin of Seed habit.
Economic importance as food, medicine and Agriculture.

Palaeobotany & Palynology:

Plant Fossil: Types, Different modes of preservation, Nomenclature and Reconstruction, Importance of fossil study.
Geological time scale with dominant plant groups through ages.
Palynology: Pollen aperture types, NPC classification (Erdtman). Pollen wall- Sporopollenin, Stratification and Ornamentation (sculpturing), Applied Palynology:- Palaeopalynology,.Aeropalynology , Forensic palynology, Melissopalynology.
Phanerogams

GYMNOSPERMS :

Progymnosperms: Phylogenetic importance.
Fossil gymnosperms: Structural features of Cycas, Pinus, Lyginopteris, Williumsonia oldhamia and Geological distribution of reconstructed genera.
Economic Importance of fossils with reference to Wood, Resins, Essential oils, and Drugs.

MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS:

Inflorescence types with examples. Flower: Corolla- forms, aestivation; Stamen- types; Placentationtypes;
Ovule – structure and forms. Fruit – types with examples.

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS:

Components of Systematics: Nomenclature, Identification, Classification; Taxonomy and its phases – Pioneer, Consolidation , Biosystematic and Encyclopaedic ; alpha- and omega- taxomony .
Nomenclature: Herbaria and Botanical Gardens – their role; important Indian Herbaria and Botanical Gardens; Dichotomous keys – indented and bracketed, Phenetics. Brief idea on Phenetics, Numerical taxonomy; Cladistics; Monophyletic, polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups; Plesiomorphy and apomorphy.
Data sources in Taxonomy: Supportive evidences from: Phytochemistry, Cytology and Anatomy.
Diagnostic features, Systematic position of Economically important plants (parts and uses) with special reference to the families Poaceae, Orchidaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Malvaceae.

Embryology:

Embryology

Pre-fertilisation changes: Microsporogenesis and Microgametogenesis, Megasporogenesis. Postfertilization changes. Embryogenesis and Development of Endosperm, Apomixis, Apospory and Apogamy, Polyembryony.

Anatomy:

Plant Anatomy – Ultrastructure and chemical composition of cell wall. Stomata: Types, Ontogeny of Trachea and Sievetube.
Stele: Stelar types & evolution/ Secondary growth with special reference to the abnormal growth in Dracaena, Boerhaavia and Bignonia. Mechanical tissues and the Pinciples governing their distribution in plants.
Organisation of shoot apex (Tunica–Corpus) and Root apex (Korper-Kappe), Adaptive anatomical features of Hydrophytes and Xerophytes.

Ecology:

Habitat and Niche, Ecotone and edge–effect, Carrying capacity , Seed diaspersal.
Community ecology: Community- Characteristics and diversity, Ecological succession –Primary and secondary, Seral stages (with reference to Hydrosere), autogenic and allogenic succession.
Plant indicators (metallophytes); Phytoremediation. Conservation of Biodiversity (In-situ & Ex-situ).

Plant Geography:

Phytogeographical regions; Endemism; Endemic types and Factors; Age & Area hypothesis and Epibiotic theory; Endemism in Indian flora with special emphasis on Sunderban and Eastern Himalayas.

Paper – II : Cell & Molecular Biology

CELL BIOLOGY:

Cell and its types (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), structure and functions of the major cell
organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies,
microbodies), cell division (mitosis and meiosis), significance of cell division, Cell cycle, structure of a typical chromosome, nucleosome model of chromosome, chromosomal aberrations (deletion, duplication, translocation and inversion), Concept of RNA world.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY:

Chemical structure and nature of the nucleic acids, concept of gene, replication
of DNA, concept of genomic DNA and cDNA, split genes, overlapping genes, oncogenes, genetic code, protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, central dogma,Multigene , basic of recombinant DNA technology (restriction enzymes, vectors, molecular cloning, application of R DNA technology and its social ethics).
Genetics, Plant Breeding, Biometry & Evolution Biology:

GENETICS:

Mendelian principles (Mendel’s monohybrid and dihybrid experiments and laws), concept of linkage and crossing over, polyploidy, multiple alleles, point mutation, sex-linked inheritance, cytoplasmic inheritance and basic population genetics.

PLANT BREEDING:

Objective of plant breeding, methods of propagation in relation to breeding methods, Plant resource development , methods of plant breeding (selection, hybridization, concept and causes of heterosis). Maintenance of germplasm, Heterosis and hybrid seed production, Molecular Breeding (use of DNA
markers in plant breeding).Transgenic plants , Maintenance of germplasm, Mass selection and pure line selection, Heterosis and hybrid seed production, Molecular Breeding (use of DNA markers in plant breeding).

BIOMETRY:

Random sampling, Frequency distribution, Central tendency– Arithmetic Mean, Mode and Median, Measurement of dispersion – Standard Deviation, Standard error of Mean, Test of significance:
‘t’- test; chi square test for goodness of fit. Probability, Measurement of gene frequency (HardyWeinberg equilibrium). Overview of Bioinformatics, nature of biological data, literature databases
(searching and downloading), introduction and overview of biological databases, nucleic acid sequence databases, GenBank, Protein sequence databases, introduction to BLAST series.

EVOLUTION BIOLOGY:

Concept of biological evolution, evidence of organic evolution (taxonomic, geological, morphological and anatomical); Lamarckism, Darwinism and mutation theories of de Vries.
Physiology and Biochemistry:
Plant-water relations, Stomatal physiology-mechanism of opening and closing, Organic Translocation Photosynthesis, Photochemical reaction centres,Evolution Of Sporophytes ,  Cyclic and noncyclic electron transport, Water splitting mechanism, photophosphorylation, Z-scheme, Calvin cycle – Biochemical reactions and stoichiometry,
Photosynthetic efficiency of C3 and C4 plants and crop productivity, Photorespiration, Crassulacean acid metabolism. Respiration- EMP pathway, TCA cycle, ETS and oxidative phosphorylation, Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and its significance, ß-oxidation of fatty acids and significance. Nitrogen Metabolism (symbiotic and non-symbiotic), structure and function of di-nitrogenase complex, ETS of di-nitrogenase,
basic concept of nif and nod genes. Plant Growth Regulators (Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Ethylene and Abscisic Acid). Photoperiodism and plant types, Phytochrome, Vernalisation, Concept of biological clock and biorhythm. Seed dormancy, Physiology of Senescence and Ageing. Stress Physiology.
Biochemistry as the molecular logic of living organisms, axioms of living organisms, the major compounds of living beings; pH, buffers and basic bioenergetics, chemical structure and properties of water molecule, ionization of water, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, titration curve and the concept of preparation of any buffer solution; biomolecules: general structure, properties, classification and metabolic importance of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids; enzymes, basic structure (holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactor, coenzyme and prosthetic group), nomenclature and classification of enzymes according to IUBMB, mechanism of enzyme action (concept of active site of an enzyme, activation of free energy, principles of enzyme action, Fisher’s and Koshland’s models), enzyme kinetics (Michaelis-Menten equation and Lineweaver-Burk plot), reversible and irreversible enzyme inhibition, allosteric enzyme regulation and covalently modulated enzyme regulation, basic concept of ribozymes,
abzymes and isozymes.

Pharmacognosy :

Pharmacognosy and its importance in modern medicine , Crude drugs, Drug evaluation Secondary metabolites, Interrelationship of basic metabolic pathways with secondary metabolite biosynthesis with special reference to Cinchona, Ipecac, Adhatoda and Curcuma longa.
Plant Biotechnology & Instrumentation:
Plant tissue culture and Micropropagation. Plant Genetic Engineering: Brief concept of different gene transfer methods. Transgenic plants.
Principles and applications of simple, compound, confocal and electron microscopy, colorimetry, visible and UV-visible spectrophotometry, deferential centrifugation, PCR, RT-PCR, Gel Electrophoresis, Blotting (Southern, Northern and Western) and ELISA.

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W.B.C.S. Main Optional Paper Botany Book List

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