Physics is an optional subject for W.B.C.S. Mains Exam. It is a discipline of science which  deals with properties and nature of matter and energy. It includes light, heat, mechanics and other related themes. Just go through the W.B.C.S. Main optional Physics syllabus and you will find that aspirants those who are from Physics and Electrical engineering background can handle this optional subject. W.B.C.S. aspirants coming from non-electronics background must put extra hard work and endeavor to ace this optional.X-ray diffraction has acted as the cornerstone of twentieth-century science. Its development has catalyzed the developments of all of the rest of solid-state science and much of our understanding of chemical bonding.Continue Reading X-Ray Diffraction – Physics Notes – For W.B.C.S. Examination.

X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) plays a critical role in materials research and development because many materials and minerals are not readily available in single-crystal form. Some 10000–20000 powder diffractometers are in use worldwide, and of the order of 160000 powder patterns are available in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF) electronic database. Although the technique is termed ‘‘powder diffraction,’’ any polycrystalline specimen may be studied using the technique, including monolithic solids, thin films, and powders. Among the applications of powder diffraction are:Also Read , W.B.C.S. Examination Notes On – Chemistry – Clausius-Clapeyron Equation.

Detailed structural characterization of coordination compounds is usually carried out by diffraction methods, which can provide not only information on composition and molecular connectivity, but also full geometrical parameters. The most widely used technique is X-ray diffraction by single crystals. Neutron diffraction offers advantages in some cases, especially where the location of hydrogen atoms is important, and electron diffraction can be used to investigate gas-phase structures of compounds with sufficient volatility and molecular simplicity. These X-ray techniques are described in this section, together with related topics; other methods for analysis of chiral compounds using spectroscopy, and other methods for investigating solid-state materials, are described elsewhere.

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