The Physics Nobel Prize recognizes AI’s diverse roots.

ANNs’ Foundations
• ANNs are rooted in various branches of science, including statistical physics, neurobiology, and cognitive psychology.
• Hopfield introduced the Hopfield network in 1982, which uses Hebbian learning to process input.
• The Boltzmann machine, an earlier model for a spin glass, was popularized for cognitive tasks by Hinton.
AI’s Ubiquity
• The ubiquity of AI is attributed to the robust theoretical foundations laid by these laureates.
• However, India faces challenges due to low funding, inefficient governance, and insufficient attempts to reconcile science with bureaucratic processes.
• Dismissing blue-sky research forfeits opportunities in technology that Indians may not be aware of.