India-China Border Mapping: A Historical Perspective

• During the 267-year Manchu rule (1644-1911), two major maps of the Empire were prepared, depicting the territorial bequest of the Tibet-Assam segment to the then Republic of China (RoC).

• Emperor Kang-hsi’s map (1721) depicted the territorial bequest of the Tibet-Assam segment to the RoC, denying Tibet’s claim to the territories of the tribal belt (present day Arunachal Pradesh) on the Assam side of the Himalayan divide.

• Emperor Ch’ien-lung’s map (1761) showed that Eastern Turkestan (a region in the northwestern part of the now People’s Republic of China) was never conceived as a trans-Kunlun territory.

• In 1943, a tottering RoC felt emboldened enough to set aside the Manchu’s territorial bequest, resulting in the emergence of a claim to large tracts of Indian territory.

• Despite the emergence of a claim to large tracts of Indian territory, the RoC’s response was that the map was an unprecise draft, to be corrected later on.

• China retained the same map-making pattern set by its predecessor regime, with Chou En-lai, the then Chinese Premier, acknowledging the historical question and not having any deliberate intentions of changing boundaries.

• Chou En-lai proposed a package deal to resolve the boundary question, aiming to address other pending geopolitical and trade-related matters.

• The broad contours of such a solution could possibly lead to the acceptance of the 1899 and 1914 alignments respectively, with a provision for a territorial swap to meet each other’s security concerns.

Aksai Chin mapping is important topic for Civil service exam (WBCS).

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