India’s justice system faces significant challenges, including access, delays, and accountability

• India’s justice system is burdened with over 4.57 crore pending cases, highlighting challenges in access, delays, and accountability.

• Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms, including pre-litigation resolution, mediation, and Lok Adalat decisions, are essential to mitigate court pendency and ensure equitable justice.

• The Minister of Law and Justice emphasized the need for global cooperation to strengthen ADR tools, citing the doctrine of Panch Parmeshwar for consensus in dispute resolution.

• Article 39A of the Constitution provides a legal basis for ADR, ensuring equal justice and free legal aid, while Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 acknowledges various ADR processes.

• The Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 (amended in 2021) establishes timelines for dispute resolution, aiming for completion within 180 days.

• Lok Adalats, governed by the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, provide a mechanism for resolving disputes without the possibility of appeal, ensuring finality in decisions.

• ADR is seen as a means for social change, creating solutions that resonate with individuals and communities, while addressing inter-State disparities in court backlogs.

• The India Justice Report 2025 points out significant discrepancies in the performance of States concerning pending cases, with Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Kerala facing the highest workloads.

• Strengthening ADR is imperative for improving justice delivery, especially in states with backlogs exceeding five crore cases.

Judicial delays in India is important topic for Civil service exam (WBCS).

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