Nobel Laureates’ work has reshaped the immune system itself

• The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine honors breakthroughs in understanding autoimmune regulation.

• Researchers are examining genetic, molecular, and environmental factors influencing autoimmune diseases for early diagnosis and targeted therapies.

• Key contributors include Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi, who identified the role of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and the transcription factor FOXP3.

• Previous research established that while self-reactive T-cells are deleted during maturation, some persist in healthy individuals, indicating a peripheral regulatory mechanism.

• Sakaguchi’s team discovered that removing a subset of CD4⁺ T-cells in mice led to autoimmune disorders, while restoring them prevented disease.

• Brunkow and Ramsdell linked mutations in FOXP3, critical for Treg function, to severe autoimmunity in male scurfy mice.

• Their discoveries revealed self-tolerance mechanisms reliant on Treg differentiation and maintenance.

• Current experimental treatments focus on stabilizing or expanding Tregs, showing promise in mitigating harmful immune responses.

• In transplantation, engineered Tregs are infused to enhance graft acceptance, and in cancer, researchers explore modifying tumor-associated Tregs.

• The work of the laureates has redefined the immune system as a complex ecosystem rather than a simple on/off mechanism.

• The involvement of industry in this research highlights the potential of private sector contributions to scientific discovery.

• Immunologists stress the gradual nature of advancements in the field, acknowledging obstacles to developing safe, scalable therapies, including the high costs of cell-based treatments which raise ethical and policy concerns.

Nobel Laureates immune system is important topic for Civil service exam (WBCS).

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