India’s Clean Energy Ambitions and Critical Minerals

• India’s clean energy ambitions are based on securing critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and Rare Earth Elements (REEs).

• These minerals are crucial for key technologies like electric vehicles, solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage.

• India’s reliance on imported critical minerals exposes it to supply chain vulnerabilities due to geopolitical tensions, trade restrictions, and global competition.

• India has vast untapped mineral potential, with lithium in Jammu and Kashmir and Rajasthan, and REEs in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

• The National Mineral Exploration Policy (NMEP) and Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act in 2021 have accelerated exploration.

• The government must rapidly build processing and refining capacity through public-private partnerships.

• Investment in mines is central to India’s critical mineral strategy, but the sector still faces high costs, regulatory hurdles, and environmental concerns.

• The government launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) with a ₹34,300 crore plan to strengthen value chains across exploration, mining, processing, and recovery from end-of-life products.

• State-backed companies like NMDC have diversified through their Australian arm, and IREL (India) Limited is preparing to extract neodymium, praseodymium, and dysprosium.

• The government has bolstered domestic supply security through the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, to enhance critical mineral recovery and recycling.

• Upgrading India’s mining and processing infrastructure is critical, requiring significant investment in mechanised mining equipment, automated processing plants, and waste management systems.

• A robust mineral ecosystem will drive India’s EV, solar, and storage goals while positioning it as a green economy leader.

Clean Energy Ambitions is important topic for Civil service exam (WBCS).

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