Energy Sovereignty in an Instabilized World

• India’s dependence on oil and natural gas is a national risk register.

• Russia is India’s largest supplier, accounting for 35%-40% of total crude imports in 2024-25.

• India’s merchandise imports stood at $677 billion in FY2023-24, with crude oil and natural gas accounting for nearly $170 billion.

• Five defining moments have reshaped global energy security: the 1973 oil embargo, the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, the 2021 Texas Freeze, the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war, and the 2025 Iberian Peninsula Blackout.

• Fossil fuels still meet over 80% of global primary energy demand, with solar and wind under 10% of the global energy mix.

Energy Realism and Transition in India

• Energy realism enables transitions, not switches, and is a survival strategy.

• India should move towards an energy sovereignty doctrine based on domestic capacity, diversified technology, and resilient systems.

• Five foundational pillars include coal gasification, biofuels, nuclear, green hydrogen, and pumped hydro.

• India must lead with energy realism as the foundation of resilience and sovereignty.

Energy Security Instable World is important topic for Civil service exam (WBCS).

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