India-China Border Issues: A Historical Perspective

• India and China agreed in the early 90s to resolve the border issue through a peaceful and mutually acceptable settlement.

• Despite this, the boundary remains indeterminate due to both sides’ unwillingness to define the Line of Control (LAC).

• The Border Peace and Tranquillity Agreement (BPTA) was signed in 1993, aiming to resolve the Sino-Indian boundary question through peaceful means.

• The agreement was a result of the movement in Sino-Indian relations since 1979.

• The JWG held six rounds of talks between December 1988 and June 1993, with military involvement in the dialogue process.

• Border trade resumed in July 1992, and consulates reopened in Mumbai and Shanghai in December 1992.

• The BPTA was a logical consequence of the movement in Sino-Indian relations since 1979.

Towards Peace and Turmoil in Sino-Indian Relations

• The BPTA agreement was necessary due to the cancellation of the swap deal, which proposed India’s concession over Aksai Chun and parts of Ladakh to China.

• The agreement was based on the 1996 agreement, which expanded on the 1993 agreement, particularly in relation to military confidence-building measures.

• The agreement emphasized peaceful and friendly consultations to resolve the Sino-Indian boundary question.

• The agreement also outlined the choreography for the Line of Actual Control (LAC), stating that neither side would use or threaten to use force against the other.

• The agreement also stipulated that the two sides would jointly check and determine the segments of the LAC where they had different views on its alignment.

• The agreement also stipulated that both sides would maintain minimal forces in areas along the LAC and reduce their forces on the principle of mutual and equal security to ceilings to be mutually agreed.

• The agreement also agreed to avoid holding large scale military exercises in proximity to the LAC and work out ceilings on military forces in specific areas.

• The full implementation of the agreement would depend on the two sides arriving at a common understanding of the alignment of the Line of Actual Control.

• The two sides agreed to exchange maps indicating their respective perceptions of the entire alignment of the LAC.

Sino-Indian Conflict History is important topic for Civil service exam (WBCS).

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