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Psychology Notes On – Value – Concept, Development And Measurement – For W.B.C.S. Examination.
A value system is viewed as a relatively permanent perceptual frame work which influences the nature of an individual’s behaviour. The values are the attributes possessed by an individual and thought desirable. Values are similar to attitudes but are more permanent and well built in nature.Continue Reading Psychology Notes On – Value – Concept, Development And Measurement – For W.B.C.S. Examination.
A value may be defined as a “concept of the desirable, an internalized criterion or standard of evaluation a person possesses. Such concepts and standards are relatively few and determine or guide an individual’s evaluations of the many objects encountered in everyday life.”
According to Milton Rokeach, a noted psychologist “Values are global beliefs that guide actions and judgments across a variety of situations.” Values represent basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct (or end state of existence) is personality or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct (or end state of existence)”.
The characteristics of values are:
(i) Values provide standards of competence and morality.
(ii) Values are fewer in number than attitudes.
(iii) Values transcend specific objects, situations or persons.
(iv) Values are relatively permanent and resistant to change.
(v) Values are most central to the core of a person.
(vi) Values have two attributes-content and intensity. The content attribute stresses that a particular code of conduct is important. The intensity attribute specifies how important that particulars code of conduct is.
(vii) When we rank an individual’s values in terms of their intensity. We obtain the value system of that person.
Sources of Values:
1. Family Factor:
The most important factor which influences the value system of an individual is his immediate family. Some values are inculcated in A person learn and develops values from the following sources the individuals from the childhood and remain in his mind throughout his life. The child rearing practices the parents adopt shape the personality of the human being. Family is the most influential factor in the individual’s learning of social behaviour, values and norms.
2. Social Factors:
Out of all the social factors school plays the most important role in developing the value system of an individual. The child learns the basic discipline from the school. Moreover, the interactions with the teachers, classmates and other staff members in the schools and colleges make the child inculcate values important to the teaching-learning process. Other social factors which may affect values are religious economic and political institutional in the society.
3. Personal Factors:
Personal traits such as intelligence, ability, appearance and educational level of the person determine his development of values. For example, if a person is highly intelligent, he will understand the values faster. If he is highly educated, high values will be inculcated in him by his school and college.
Cultural factors include everything that is learned and passed on from generation to generation. Culture includes certain beliefs and other patterns of behaviour. An individual is a participant in social culture, group culture and organisational culture. Thus, he is known as a composite of many cultural elements. Culture is based on certain implicit and explicit values. For example, whether a person is co-operative, friendly or hostile depends upon to which culture he belongs to Individual relationships are different in different cultures and within certain groups of society also. Whether, the individual values money making or doing service to the mankind again depends upon his cultural background.
4. Religious Factors:
Individuals, generally, receive strength and comfort from their religion. Religion comprises of a formal set of values which are passed on from generation to generation. Advancement in technology has under viewed faith in traditional religious beliefs and values.
5. Life Experiences:
A man learns the most from his own personal life experience. Sometimes man can learn from the experience of others also. In the long run, most of the values which influence our behaviour are validated by the satisfaction we have experienced in pursuing them. Individuals work out their values on the basis of what seems most logical to them.
Values carry importance in direct proportion to how much faith the individual has in them. He should have those values which can stand the test of reality. He should not have rigid values but flexible system which can change with the changes in the individual himself, his life situation and the socio-economic environment.
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