W.B.C.S. Main 2018 Question Answer – Psychology – Morality.

1)Define Morality.How does it differ from Ethics? Distinguish between Moral ,Immoral,and Unmoral behaviors enumerate in this context how morality is learned?

Morality is the belief that some behaviour is right and acceptableand that other behaviour is wrong.Continue Reading W.B.C.S. Main 2018 Question Answer – Psychology – Morality.

Morality is a slippery subject. It concerns the difference between right and wrong. … Since there is more than one way for an action or principle to lackmorality, English has several words for something that is not moral. The most common ones are amoral, immoral, and unmoral.

Morality is a slippery subject. It concerns the difference between right and wrong. Unfortunately, many people see right and wrong differently, especially if they come from different cultures. A variety of perspectives can foster healthy and meaningful debate, but a poorly calibrated moral compass can also lead someone to cause a great deal of suffering.

Since there is more than one way for an action or principle to lack morality, English has several words for something that is not moral. The most common ones are amoral, immoral, and unmoral. Many writers confuse these words, but they have nuanced meanings and should be used carefully.

What is the Difference Between Amoral, Immoral, and Unmoral?

In this article, I will compare amoral vs. immoral vs. unmoral. I will use each word in a sentence to illustrate its proper meaning and context. I will also explain a useful trick to help you remember whether unmoral, immoral, or amoral is appropriate for your writing.

When to Use Immoral

What does immoral mean? Immoral is an adjective. Something that is immoral is evil or wrong. It means failing to adhere to moral standards.

Here are some examples,

• Stealing someone’s car is immoral.
• Furthermore, we will never be pressured into it, because bowing to well-meaning, special-interest groups is an immoral way to run a company, given all the people it would hurt.

To be immoral implies acting or thinking in a way that violates one’s conscious morality. In other words, the person should have known better, but did it anyway.

When to Use Amoral

What does amoral mean? Like immoral, amoral is an adjective. It means not influenced by right and wrong. If a person who is immoral acts against his conscience, a person who is amoral doesn’t have a conscience to act against in the first place.

Here is an example,

• Paige’s amoral behavior is a result of her nihilistic worldview.

Infants could be said to be amoral since they have not yet developed the brain capacity to understand right and wrong. Some extreme sociopaths are also amoral, since they lack a conscience as a result of a cognitive disorder.

In other words, an immoral person has a sense of right and wrong but fails to live up to those moral standards. An amoral person has no sense of right and wrong and doesn’t recognize any moral standard.

When to Use Unmoral

What does unmoral mean? Unmoral is a third adjective. It refers to something to which right and wrong are not applicable, such as animals, forces of nature, and machines.

Here is an example,

• Hurricanes are unmoral, since they are formed by unconscious natural processes that exist outside the bounds of morality.

Now, let’s go over a trick to keep track of immoral vs. amoral.

• Use immoral when someone has a conscience, but acts against it.
• Use amoral when someone doesn’t believe in right and wrong, doesn’t understand right and wrong, or doesn’t have a conscience, and so can’t be said to act against it.
• If right and wrong don’t apply to something, like animals or natural forces, use unmoral.

In most other situations when referring to humans, choose amoral. When talking about non-moral agents, such as animals or weather patterns, use unmoral.

how morality is learned

Humanity’s morals have deep roots in the cooperation of the natural world. In fact, cooperation is dominant in our lives and in nature.

Human beings live on a planet that is highly cooperative, where each entity evolved to give and take in an endless, ever renewing cycle of mutualism (Worster, 1994). Ecosystems are cooperative units of organisms that live in balance with one another. One animal sloughs off their skin or other matter and another animal uses it for home building or nourishment. (Think of all the dust mites in your home!)

More and more researchers are paying attention to the extensive cooperation within biological systems, such as forests (Wohlleben, 2016, The Hidden Life of Trees) with vast social networks where old trees nourish the young, and soil, which is alive with countless organisms in every centimeter (Ohlson, 2014). Cooperation is so fundamental that in the natural world, very little changes across generations—most of what exists in one generation is conserved into the next, including symbiosis that is widespread (Margulis, 1998).

Indeed, humans are part of the tree of life, sharing characteristics  with other animals and even with species that emerged billions of years ago(Shubin, 2009).  For example, the spinal column we share with other vertebrates evolved more than 500 million years ago (humans have been around for about 2 million years).

Human bodies are themselves communities of cooperation, whose genetic material consists primarily of the genes of the trillions of micro-organisms that form the microbiota that keep us alive (Collen, 2015; Dunn, 2011).

In other words, we emerge from cooperative systems and we are cooperative systems. (Yes, there is competition but it plays a relatively minor role in the ongoing workings of the biosphere.)

Genetic competition plays a minor role in what we inherit and who we are. Humans inherit many things beyond genes (Jablonka & Lamb, 2006). Based on ethological and evolutionary sciences which gather and compare observations, Evolutionary Developmental Systems Theory offers a comprehensive list of human inheritances which include culture, the ecological landscape, and self-organization (Oyama, 1985; Griffiths & Gray, 2001). For example, within a lifespan the individual will self-organize around the opportunities and supports provided. Humans do this moreso than any other animal because of our great immaturity at birth and long maturational schedule (3 decades).

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