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Copper – General Science Notes – On Chemistry – For W.B.C.S. Examination.
তামা – সাধারণ বিজ্ঞান নোট – রসায়নের উপর – WBCS পরীক্ষা।
Copper (Cu), chemical element, a reddish, extremely ductile metal of Group 11 (Ib) of the periodic table that is an unusually good conductor of electricity and heat. Copper is found in the free metallic state in nature. This native copper was first used (c. 8000 BCE) as a substitute for stone by Neolithic (New Stone Age) humans. Metallurgy dawned in Mesopotamia as copper was cast to shape in molds (c. 4000 BCE), was reduced to metal from ores with fire and charcoal, and was intentionally alloyed with tin as bronze (c. 3500 BCE). The Roman supply of copper came almost entirely from Cyprus. It was known as aes Cyprium, “metal of Cyprus,” shortened to cyprium and later corrupted to cuprum. See also bronze.Continue Reading Copper – General Science Notes – On Chemistry – For W.B.C.S. Examination.
Occurrence, Uses, And Properties
Native copper is found at many locations as a primary mineral in basaltic lavas and also as reduced from copper compounds, such as sulfides, arsenides, chlorides, and carbonates. (For mineralogical properties of copper, see the table of native elements.) It is present in the ashes of seaweeds, in many sea corals, in the human liver, and in many mollusks and arthropods. Copper plays the same role of oxygen transport in the hemocyanin of blue-blooded mollusks and crustaceans as iron does in the hemoglobin of red-blooded animals. The copper present in humans as a trace element helps catalyze hemoglobin formation. A porphyry copper deposit in the Andes Mountains of Chile is the greatest known deposit of the mineral. By the early 21st century Chile had become the world’s leading producer of copper. Other major producers include Peru, China, and the United States.Copper is commercially produced mainly by smelting or leaching, usually followed by electrodeposition from sulfate solutions.
The major portion of copper produced in the world is used by the electrical industries; most of the remainder is combined with other metals to form alloys. (It is also technologically important as an electroplated coating.) Important series of alloys in which copper is the chief constituent are brasses (copper and zinc), bronzes (copper and tin), and nickel silvers (copper, zinc, and nickel, no silver). There are many useful alloys of copper and nickel, including Monel; the two metals are completely miscible. Copper also forms an important series of alloys with aluminum, called aluminum bronzes. Beryllium copper (2 percent Be) is an unusual copper alloy in that it can be hardened by heat treatment. Copper is a part of many coinage metals. Long after the Bronze Age passed into the Iron Age, copper remained the metal second in use and importance to iron. By the 1960s, however, cheaper and much more plentiful aluminum had moved into second place in world production.
| country | mine production 2016 (metric tons)* | % of world mine production | demonstrated reserves 2016 (metric tons)* | % of world demonstrated reserves |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chile | 5,500,000 | 28.4 | 210,000,000 | 29.2 |
| Peru | 2,300,000 | 11.9 | 81,000,000 | 11.3 |
| China | 1,740,000 | 9.0 | 28,000,000 | 3.9 |
| United States | 1,410,000 | 7.3 | 35,000,000 | 4.9 |
| Australia | 970,000 | 5.0 | 89,000,000 | 12.4 |
| Congo (Kinshasa) | 910,000 | 4.7 | 20,000,000 | 2.8 |
| Zambia | 740,000 | 3.8 | 20,000,000 | 7.4 |
| Canada | 720,000 | 3.7 | 11,000,000 | 1.5 |
| Russia | 710,000 | 3.7 | 30,000,000 | 4.2 |
| Mexico | 620,000 | 3.2 | 46,000,000 | 6.4 |
| other countries | 3,800,000 | 19.6 | 150,000,000 | 20.8 |
| world total | 19,400,000** | 100** | 720,000,000 | 100** |
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